Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics and co-variates of respondents
Characteristics | PDHS (1990–1991) | PDHS (2006–2007) | PDHS (2012–2013) | PDHS (2017–2018) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 4061 | n = 5677 | n = 7446 | n = 6711 | |||||
f | % | f | % | f | % | f | % | |
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||
Regions/Provinces | ||||||||
Punjab | 2441 | 60.1 | 3182 | 56.1 | 4180 | 56.1 | 3453 | 51.5 |
Sindh | 894 | 22 | 1404 | 24.7 | 1714 | 23.0 | 1571 | 23.4 |
Baluchistan | 159 | 3.9 | 264 | 4.6 | 348 | 15.0 | 377 | 5.6 |
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa a | 567 | 14 | 827 | 14.6 | 1117 | 4.7 | 1101 | 16.4 |
Gilgit Baltistan* | – | – | – | – | 56 | 0.7 | – | – |
Islamabad* | – | – | – | – | 31 | 0.4 | 54 | 0.8 |
FATA* | – | – | – | – | – | – | 156 | 2.3 |
Geographical classification | ||||||||
Urban | 1184 | 29.1 | 1714 | 30.2 | 2244 | 30.1 | 2248 | 33.5 |
Rural | 2877 | 70.9 | 3962 | 69.8 | 5202 | 69.9 | 4463 | 66.5 |
Respondents’ age | ||||||||
15–24 years | 983 | 24.2 | 1334 | 23.5 | 1748 | 23.5 | 1545 | 23.0 |
25–34 years | 2061 | 50.7 | 2952 | 52.0 | 4038 | 54.2 | 3725 | 55.5 |
35 years and above | 1017 | 25 | 1390 | 24.5 | 1659 | 22.3 | 1440 | 21.5 |
Respondents’ education status | ||||||||
Uneducated | 3214 | 79.2 | 3668 | 64.6 | 4155 | 55.8 | 3212 | 47.9 |
Primary | 373 | 9.2 | 854 | 15.0 | 1230 | 16.5 | 1097 | 16.3 |
Secondary | 427 | 10.5 | 813 | 14.3 | 1380 | 18.5 | 1492 | 22.2 |
Higher | 47 | 1.2 | 341 | 6.0 | 682 | 9.2 | 911 | 13.6 |
Husbands’ education status | ||||||||
Uneducated | 1946 | 48.2 | 2007 | 35.4 | 2451 | 33.0 | 1889 | 28.7 |
Primary | 698 | 17.3 | 935 | 16.5 | 1211 | 16.3 | 1085 | 16.5 |
Secondary | 1213 | 30.0 | 1904 | 33.5 | 2547 | 34.3 | 2316 | 35.2 |
Higher | 181 | 4.5 | 812 | 14.3 | 1216 | 16.4 | 1293 | 19.6 |
Respondents’ employment status | ||||||||
Unemployed | 3389 | 83.5 | 4026 | 71.0 | 5378 | 72.2 | 5528 | 82.4 |
Employed | 669 | 16.5 | 1647 | 29.0 | 2068 | 27.8 | 1180 | 17.6 |
Husbands’ employment status | ||||||||
Unemployed | 77 | 2.0 | 174 | 3.1 | 123 | 1.7 | 173 | 2.6 |
Employed | 3844 | 98.0 | 5501 | 96.9 | 7322 | 98.3 | 6415 | 97.4 |
Wealth quintile | ||||||||
Richest | 1085 | 26.7 | 1029 | 18.1 | 1272 | 17.1 | 1248 | 18.6 |
Richer | 923 | 22.7 | 1066 | 18.8 | 1469 | 19.7 | 1349 | 20.1 |
Middle | 755 | 18.6 | 1099 | 19.4 | 1464 | 19.7 | 1371 | 20.4 |
Poorer | 689 | 17.0 | 1194 | 21.0 | 1544 | 20.7 | 1299 | 19.4 |
Poorest | 609 | 15.0 | 1289 | 22.7 | 1698 | 22.8 | 1444 | 21.5 |
Covariates | ||||||||
Mass media exposure*b | ||||||||
Yes | 1636 | 59.5 | – | – | 5241 | 70.6 | 4254 | 63.4 |
No | 2404 | 40.5 | – | – | 2184 | 29.4 | 2454 | 36.6 |
Respondents’ healthcare decision-making autonomy* | ||||||||
Yes | – | – | – | – | 3511 | 47.9 | 3054 | 46.2 |
No | – | – | – | – | 3826 | 52.1 | 3550 | 53.8 |