Table 3 Relationship of consanguinity with sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive health and fertility behavior
Characteristics | PDHS (1990–1991) | PDHS (2006–2007) | PDHS (2012–2013) | PDHS (2017–2018) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 4061 | n = 5677 | n = 7446 | n = 6711 | |||||||||
Consan-guineous | Non-consan-guineous | p-value* | Consan-guineous | Non-consan-guineous | p-value* | Consan-guineous | Non-consan-guineous | p-value* | Consan-guineous | Non-consan-guineous | p-value* | |
Sociodemographic characteristics and co-variates | ||||||||||||
Regions/Provinces | ||||||||||||
Punjab | 65.6 | 34.4 | < 0.01 | 68.4 | 31.6 | < 0.01 | 65.6 | 34.4 | < 0.01 | 60 | 40 | < 0.01 |
Sindh | 61.6 | 38.4 | 73.0 | 27.0 | 71.4 | 28.6 | 73.8 | 26.2 | ||||
Baluchistan | 70.3 | 29.7 | 72.3 | 27.7 | 69.7 | 30.3 | 64.7 | 35.3 | ||||
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 51.9 | 48.1 | 56.1 | 43.9 | 60.3 | 39.7 | 61.7 | 38.3 | ||||
Gilgit Baltistan | – | – | – | – | 51.8 | 48.2 | – | – | ||||
Islamabad | – | – | – | – | 58.1 | 41.9 | 55.6 | 44.4 | ||||
FATA | – | – | – | – | – | – | 56.4 | 43.6 | ||||
Geographical classification | ||||||||||||
Urban | 53.1 | 46.9 | < 0.01 | 60.0 | 40.0 | < 0.01 | 54.8 | 45.2 | 0.01 | 58.6 | 41.4 | < 0.01 |
Rural | 67.0 | 33.0 | 71.4 | 28.6 | 71.1 | 28.9 | 66.2 | 33.8 | ||||
Respondents’ age | ||||||||||||
15–24 years | 67.3 | 32.7 | < 0.01 | 70.1 | 29.9 | 0.12 | 70.4 | 29.6 | < 0.01 | 68.8 | 31.2 | < 0.01 |
25–34 years | 62.4 | 37.6 | 66.9 | 33.1 | 64.8 | 35.2 | 62.1 | 37.9 | ||||
35 years and above | 59.8 | 40.2 | 68.1 | 31.9 | 65.0 | 35.0 | 62.0 | 38.0 | ||||
Respondents’ education status | ||||||||||||
Uneducated | 65.0 | 35.0 | < 0.01 | 70.5 | 29.5 | < 0.01 | 71.4 | 28.6 | < 0.01 | 69 | 31.0 | < 0.01 |
Primary | 64.8 | 35.2 | 67.5 | 32.5 | 66.8 | 33.2 | 65.3 | 34.7 | ||||
Secondary | 48.2 | 51.8 | 62.3 | 37.7 | 58.2 | 41.8 | 59.7 | 40.3 | ||||
Higher | 41.3 | 58.7 | 55.0 | 45.0 | 49.2 | 50.8 | 49.1 | 50.9 | ||||
Husbands’ education status | ||||||||||||
Uneducated | 61.1 | 38.9 | < 0.01 | 68.7 | 31.3 | 0.45 | 67.6 | 32.4 | < 0.01 | 66.8 | 33.2 | < 0.01 |
Primary | 68.9 | 31.1 | 69.2 | 30.8 | 69.8 | 30.2 | 69.6 | 30.4 | ||||
Secondary | 63.5 | 36.5 | 67.2 | 32.8 | 65.4 | 34.6 | 62.7 | 37.3 | ||||
Higher | 54.7 | 45.3 | 66.3 | 33.7 | 61.6 | 38.4 | 57.2 | 42.8 | ||||
Respondents’ employment status | ||||||||||||
Unemployed | 62.2 | 37.8 | 0.03 | 66.2 | 33.8 | < 0.01 | 63.1 | 36.9 | < 0.01 | 63.3 | 36.7 | 0.18 |
Employed | 66.8 | 33.2 | 72.3 | 27.7 | 74.1 | 25.9 | 65.3 | 34.7 | ||||
Husbands’ employment status | ||||||||||||
Unemployed | 66.7 | 33.3 | 0.47 | 68.4 | 31.6 | 0.89 | 70.7 | 29.3 | 0.28 | 71.5 | 28.5 | 0.03 |
Employed | 62.7 | 37.3 | 67.9 | 32.1 | 66.1 | 33.9 | 63.7 | 36.3 | ||||
Mass media exposure | ||||||||||||
Yes | 59.0 | 41.0 | < 0.01 | – | – | – | 64.0 | 36 | < 0.01 | 61.6 | 38.4 | < 0.01 |
No | 66.0 | 34.0 | – | – | 71.4 | 28.6 | 67.1 | 32.9 | ||||
Wealth quintile | ||||||||||||
Richest | 59.9 | 40.1 | < 0.01 | 61.3 | 38.7 | < 0.01 | 54.7 | 45.3 | < 0.01 | 51.4 | 48.6 | < 0.01 |
Richer | 60.1 | 39.9 | 62.7 | 37.3 | 56.6 | 43.4 | 58.8 | 41.2 | ||||
Middle | 61.1 | 38.9 | 66.2 | 33.8 | 66.1 | 33.9 | 65.9 | 34.1 | ||||
Poorer | 69.8 | 30.2 | 69.8 | 30.2 | 71.5 | 28.5 | 65.4 | 34.6 | ||||
Poorest | 67.1 | 32.9 | 77.3 | 22.7 | 78.3 | 21.7 | 74.9 | 25.1 | ||||
Respondent’s healthcare decision-making autonomy | ||||||||||||
Yes | – | – | – | – | – | – | 63.2 | 36.8 | < 0.01 | 62.6 | 37.4 | 0.04 |
No | – | – | – | – | 69.2 | 30.8 | 65.1 | 34.9 | ||||
Reproductive health and fertility behaviors | ||||||||||||
Respondent’s age at first birth | ||||||||||||
< 20 years | 63.9 | 36.1 | 0.32 | 69.5 | 30.5 | 0.01 | 71.3 | 28.7 | 0.01 | 68.0 | 32.0 | 0.01 |
20–34 years | 61.8 | 38.2 | 66.3 | 33.7 | 61.1 | 38.9 | 60.1 | 39.9 | ||||
35–49 years | 56.5 | 43.5 | 47.1 | 52.9 | 64.3 | 35.7 | 48.8 | 51.2 | ||||
Gravidity | ||||||||||||
1–2 | 66.6 | 33.4 | 0.01 | 68.8 | 31.2 | 0.58 | 65.9 | 34.1 | 0.65 | 63.9 | 36.1 | 0.78 |
3–5 | 62.0 | 38.0 | 67.4 | 32.6 | 66.0 | 34.0 | 63.2 | 36.8 | ||||
6 and above | 59.7 | 40.3 | 67.7 | 32.3 | 67.3 | 32.7 | 64.1 | 35.9 | ||||
Parity | ||||||||||||
1–2 children | 65.3 | 34.7 | 0.12 | 67.7 | 32.3 | 0.14 | 64.7 | 35.3 | 0.08 | 63.8 | 36.2 | 0.52 |
3–4 children | 61.8 | 38.2 | 66.4 | 33.6 | 66.5 | 33.5 | 62.8 | 37.2 | ||||
5 children and above | 62.1 | 37.9 | 69.4 | 30.6 | 67.7 | 32.3 | 64.5 | 35.5 | ||||
Number of living children | ||||||||||||
None | 70.4 | 29.6 | < 0.01 | 75.8 | 24.2 | 0.40 | 75.0 | 25.0 | 0.25 | 75.6 | 24.4 | 0.07 |
1–2 | 66.3 | 33.7 | 67.9 | 32.1 | 65.4 | 34.6 | 63.8 | 36.2 | ||||
3–4 | 62.3 | 37.7 | 67.5 | 32.5 | 66.3 | 33.7 | 62.4 | 37.6 | ||||
5 and above | 59.8 | 40.2 | 67.9 | 32.1 | 66.9 | 33.1 | 64.5 | 35.5 | ||||
Ever terminated pregnancy | ||||||||||||
Yes | – | – | – | 69.8 | 30.2 | 0.080.08 | 70.1 | 29.9 | < 0.01 | 64.3 | 35.7 | 0.42 |
No | – | – | 67.3 | 32.7 | 0.08 | 64.2 | 35.8 | 63.3 | 36.7 | |||
Visits for antenatal care | ||||||||||||
Less than 4 visits | 63.6 | 36.4 | 0.01 | 64.7 | 35.3 | < 0.01 | 69.9 | 30.1 | < 0.01 | 66.9 | 33.1 | < 0.01 |
At least 4 visits | 58.1 | 41.9 | 69.3 | 30.7 | 59.7 | 40.3 | 60.1 | 39.9 | ||||
Deliveries by skilled birth attendants | ||||||||||||
Yes | 54.7 | 45.3 | < 0.01 | 64.2 | 35.8 | < 0.01 | 63.5 | 36.5 | < 0.01 | 61.9 | 38.1 | < 0.01 |
No | 64.8 | 35.2 | 70.7 | 29.3 | 69.7 | 30.3 | 68.1 | 31.9 | ||||
Ideal family size | ||||||||||||
1–2 | 49.5 | 50.5 | < 0.01 | 60.8 | 39.2 | < 0.01 | 57.3 | 42.7 | < 0.01 | 56.9 | 43.1 | < 0.01 |
3–4 | 60.2 | 39.8 | 67.7 | 32.3 | 64.3 | 35.7 | 62.9 | 37.1 | ||||
5 and above | 65.0 | 35.0 | 71.1 | 28.9 | 74.1 | 25.9 | 68.6 | 31.4 | ||||
Desire for more children/Fertility intention | ||||||||||||
Wants more children | 69.2 | 30.8 | < 0.01 | 68.9 | 31.1 | 0.12 | 68.1 | 31.9 | < 0.01 | 65.6 | 34.4 | 0.01 |
Wants no more | 58.2 | 41.8 | 67.0 | 33.0 | 64.6 | 35.4 | 62.4 | 37.6 | ||||
Current use of contraception | ||||||||||||
Yes | 51.9 | 48.1 | < 0.01 | 65.8 | 34.2 | 0.03 | 63.6 | 36.4 | < 0.01 | 59.5 | 40.5 | < 0.01 |
No | 64.4 | 35.6 | 68.8 | 31.2 | 67.7 | 32.3 | 66.0 | 34.0 | ||||