Table 4 Bivariable logistic regression of Consanguinity with sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive health and fertility behavior

Sociodemographic characteristics and co-variates

Regions/Provinces

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

1

1

1

1

Punjab

1.76

1.47–2.12

 < 0.01

1.70

1.45–1.99

 < 0.01

1.25

1.09–1.43

 < 0.01

0.93

0.81–1.07

0.30

Sindh

1.48

1.20–1.84

 < 0.01

2.11

1.76–2.53

 < 0.01

1.64

1.39–1.92

 < 0.01

1.74

1.47–2.05

 < 0.01

Baluchistan

2.19

1.50–3.19

 < 0.01

2.05

1.51–2.78

 < 0.01

1.51

1.17–1.95

 < 0.01

1.13

0.89–1.45

0.31

Gilgit Baltistan

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.70

0.41–1.21

0.20

–

–

–

Islamabad

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.88

0.43–1.82

0.75

0.76

0.44–1.32

0.34

FATA

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.79

0.56–1.12

0.19

Geographical classification

Rural

1

1

1

1

Urban

0.55

0.48–0.64

 < 0.01

0.60

0.53–0.68

 < 0.01

0.49

0.45–0.55

 < 0.01

0.72

0.65–0.80

 < 0.01

Respondents’ age

15–24 years

1

1

1

1

25–34 years

0.80

0.68–0.94

 < 0.01

0.86

0.75–0.99

0.04

0.77

0.68–0.87

 < 0.01

0.75

0.65–0.84

 < 0.01

35 years and above

0.72

0.60–0.86

 < 0.01

0.91

0.77–1.07

0.27

0.78

0.67–0.90

 < 0.01

0.74

0.63–0.86

 < 0.01

Respondents’ education status

Uneducated

1

1

1

1

Primary

0.99

0.79–1.24

0.93

0.87

0.74–1.02

0.08

0.81

0.70–0.92

 < 0.01

0.84

0.73–0.97

0.02

Secondary

0.50

0.41–0.61

 < 0.01

0.69

0.59–0.81

 < 0.01

0.55

0.49–0.63

 < 0.01

0.66

0.58–0.75

 < 0.01

Higher

0.37

0.20–0.67

 < 0.01

0.51

0.41–0.64

 < 0.01

0.38

0.33–0.45

 < 0.01

0.43

0.37–0.50

 < 0.01

Husbands’ education status

Uneducated

1

1

1

1

Primary

1.41

1.17–1.69

 < 0.01

1.02

0.86–1.21

0.79

1.11

0.95–1.28

0.17

1.13

0.96–1.33

0.12

Secondary

1.11

0.96–1.29

0.16

0.94

0.82–1.07

0.33

0.91

0.81–1.02

0.10

0.83

0.73–0.94

0.01

Higher

0.77

0.56–1.05

0.09

0.89

0.75–1.06

0.21

0.77

0.66–0.89

 < 0.01

0.66

0.57–0.77

 < 0.01

Respondents’ employment status

Unemployed

1

1

1

1

Employed

1.22

1.02–1.45

0.02

1.33

1.17–1.51

 < 0.01

1.67

1.49–1.87

 < 0.01

1.09

0.95–1.24

0.19

Husbands’ employment status

Unemployed

1

1

1

1

Employed

0.84

0.52–1.35

0.47

0.97

0.71–1.35

0.89

0.79

0.54–1.18

0.25

0.70

0.50–0.98

0.03

Mass media exposure

No

1

1

1

Yes

0.74

0.65–0.85

 < 0.01

–

–

–

0.71

0.64–0.79

 < 0.01

0.78

0.71–0.87

 < 0.01

Respondents’ healthcare decision-making autonomy

No

1

1

Yes

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.76

0.69–0.84

 < 0.01

0.89

0.83–0.96

 < 0.01

Wealth quintile

Poorest

1

1

1

1

Poorer

1.13

0.89–1.43

0.31

0.68

0.57–0.81

 < 0.01

0.69

0.59–0.82

 < 0.01

0.63

0.54–0.74

 < 0.01

Middle

0.77

0.61–0.96

0.02

0.57

0.48–0.69

 < 0.01

0.54

0.46–0.63

 < 0.01

0.65

0.55–0.76

 < 0.01

Richer

0.74

0.60–0.92

 < 0.01

0.49

0.41–0.59

 < 0.01

0.36

0.31–0.42

 < 0.01

0.47

0.41–0.56

 < 0.01

Richest

0.73

0.59–0.90

 < 0.01

0.46

0.39–0.56

 < 0.01

0.33

0.28–0.39

 < 0.01

0.35

0.30–0.41

 < 0.01

Reproductive health and fertility behaviors

Respondents’ age at first birth

 < 20 years

1

1

1

1

20–34 years

0.91

0.80–1.04

0.17

0.86

0.77–0.96

0.01

0.63

0.57–0.70

 < 0.01

0.71

0.64–0.78

 < 0.01

35–49 years

0.69

0.30–1.58

0.38

0.37

0.14–0.97

0.04

0.75

0.34–1.65

0.48

0.45

0.24–0.83

0.01

Gravidity

6 and above

1

1

1

1

3–5

1.10

0.94–1.29

0.23

0.98

0.85–1.14

0.86

0.94

0.81–1.07

0.37

0.96

0.82–1.12

0.61

1–2

1.35

1.13–1.60

 < 0.01

1.05

0.90–1.23

0.51

0.94

0.82–1.08

0.41

0.99

0.84–1.16

0.91

Parity

5 children and above

1

1

1

1

3–4 children

0.98

0.84–1.15

0.88

0.87

0.76–1.00

0.05

0.95

0.84–1.07

0.38

0.93

0.81–1.06

0.26

1–2 children

1.15

0.98–1.34

0.07

0.92

0.81–1.05

0.23

0.88

0.78–0.98

0.02

0.97

0.86–1.10

0.65

Number of living children

5 children and above

1

1

1

1

3–4 children

1.11

0.94–1.29

0.19

0.98

0.85–1.13

0.79

0.97

0.85–1.11

0.69

0.91

0.79–1.05

0.20

1–2 children

1.32

1.13–1.54

 < 0.01

1.00

0.87–1.14

0.98

0.93

0.83–1.05

0.28

0.97

0.85–1.11

0.68

None

1.61

0.95–2.71

0.07

1.45

0.91–2.32

0.12

1.44

0.86–2.41

0.16

1.70

1.02–2.84

0.04

Ever terminated pregnancy

No

1

1

1

Yes

–

–

–

2.31

2.06–2.59

 < 0.01

1.31

1.18–1.45

 < 0.01

1.10

1.02–1.19

0.01

Visits for antenatal care

Less than 4 visits

1

1

1

1

At least 4 visits

0.79

0.66–0.95

0.01

1.83

1.65–2.03

 < 0.01

0.64

0.58–0.70

 < 0.01

0.74

0.67–0.83

 < 0.01

Deliveries by skilled birth attendants

No

1

1

1

1

Yes

0.66

0.56–0.77

 < 0.01

1.79

1.64–1.95

 < 0.01

0.75

0.68–0.83

 < 0.01

0.76

0.68–0.85

 < 0.01

Ideal family size

5 children or above

1

1

1

1

3–4 children

0.81

0.70–0.94

0.01

0.63

0.53–0.75

 < 0.01

0.62

0.56–0.70

 < 0.01

0.78

0.69–0.87

 < 0.01

1–2 children

0.53

0.40–0.69

 < 0.01

0.85

0.75–0.96

0.01

0.46

0.40–0.54

 < 0.01

0.60

0.52–0.70

 < 0.01

Desire for more children/Fertility intention

Wants more children

1

1

1

1

Wants no more

0.62

0.54–0.71

 < 0.01

0.92

0.82–1.02

0.12

0.86

0.78–0.94

 < 0.01

0.87

0.78–0.96

0.01

Current use of contraception

No

1

1

1

1

Yes

0.59

0.49–0.72

 < 0.01

0.87

0.77–0.98

0.02

0.84

0.76–0.92

 < 0.01

0.76

0.68–0.84

 < 0.01