Breast self-examination as a route to early detection in a lower-middle-income country: assessing psychosocial determinants among women in Surabaya, Indonesia

Table 2 Socio-demographic and psychosocial characteristics of the participants

	BSE Performers		BSE Non-performers		Statistics
	n	n/N %	n	n/N %	Statistics
Age (years)					χ²(1) = 10.12, p = .001, V = .223*
18–30	67	32.8	54	26.5
31–65	64	31.4	19	9.3
Education^a					χ²(1) = 2.72, p = .099, V = .116
Lower education	34	16.7	27	13.2
Higher Education	97	47.5	46	22.5
Employment					χ²(1) = 2.30, p = .129, V = .106
Unemployed (and student)	52	25.5	37	18.1
Working	79	38.7	36	17.6
Family monthly income^b					χ²(1) = .33, p = .565, V = .04
Below regional standard	38	18.6	24	11.8
Regional standard and above	93	45.6	49	24
Family history of breast cancer					χ²(2) = .75, p = .684, V = .061
Yes	27	13.2	12	5.9
No	96	47.1	55	27
I don’t know	8	3.9	6	2.9
Health insurance					χ²(1) = .10, p = .753, V = .022
Yes	96	47.1	52	25.5
No	35	17.2	21	10.3

*p < .01, N = 204
^aLower education: up to senior high school; higher education: higher vocational education or university
^bSurabaya’s regional standard monthly income: IDR. 4,200,000

ISSN: 1472-6874