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Table 8 Multivariable analysis of violence among pregnant women in Kenya (2014), adjusted and weighted

From: Intimate partner violence among pregnant women in Kenya: forms, perpetrators and associations

Variable

aOR

95% CI

p-value

Age (continuous)

1.01

0.99–1.02

0.321

Age in 5-year-group

15–19\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

20–24

1.90

0.95–4.37

0.095

25–29

1.90

0.96–4.31

0.090

30–34

1.63

0.81–3.75

0.205

35–39

1.73

0.86–3.99

0.157

40–44

2.03

0.99–4.73

0.073

45–49

2.02

0.97–4.77

0.080

Age at first cohabitation

\(\le 14^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

15–17

1.27

1.01–1.58

0.042*

18+

0.75

0.60–0.94

0.011*

Age at sexual debut

\(\le 14^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

15–17

1.21

0.97–1.50

0.096

18+

0.65

0.53–0.80

< 0.001**

Religion

Roman Catholic\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Protestant, other Christian

1.13

0.87–1.48

0.353

Muslim

0.44

0.27–0.68

< 0.001**

No religion

1.03

0.51–1.90

0.934

Other religion

1.09

0.17–4.01

0.914

Residence

Urban\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Rural

0.95

0.76–1.19

0.679

Region

Central\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Eastern

0.47

0.37–0.61

< 0.001**

Western

1.95

1.57–2.44

< 0.001**

Nairobi

3.51

1.85–6.53

< 0.001**

Marital status

Married or living together\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Divorced, separated, widowed

1.91

1.47–2.47

< 0.001**

Number of living children

0\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

1–2

0.68

0.53–0.88

0.003**

3–4

1.23

0.99–1.52

0.058

5

1.28

0.97–1.67

0.075

Employment (Yes)

1.34

1.06–1.70

0.016*

Education

No education\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Primary

1.53

1.11–2.14

0.011*

Secondary or higher

0.53

0.40–0.69

< 0.001**

Wealth quintile

Poorer or poorest\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Middle

1.00

0.71–1.39

0.989

Richer or Richest

0.75

0.57–0.98

0.035*

Woman afraid of partner

Never\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Sometimes

3.38

2.61–4.38

< 0.001**

Most of the time

6.38

4.85–8.41

< 0.001**

Woman’s father beat mother

1.59

1.28–1.97

< 0.001**

Partner’s age

15–24\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

25–34

1.12

0.82–1.52

0.485

35+

0.90

0.64–1.25

0.519

Partner’s education

No education\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Primary

2.14

1.47–3.18

< 0.001**

Secondary or higher

0.85

0.66–1.09

0.196

Partner working

Did not work\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Professional, technical, managerial or clerical or services

0.79

0.59–1.04

0.099

Manual or agricultural or household and domestic

1.28

0.98–1.69

0.071

Partner’s alcohol consumption

Never\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Often

4.04

2.97–5.54

< 0.001**

Sometimes

0.26

0.19–0.36

< 0.001**

  1. Model is adjusted for woman’s age, education, ethnicity, employment and place of residence (urban, rural). Age variable is presented in years
  2. aOR, adjusted Odds Ratio. 95% CI, 95% Confidence Interval. \(^{\mathrm{r}}\) Reference group
  3. *p-value \(<0.05\). **p-value \(<0.005\)
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