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Table 9 Multivariate analysis of emotional violence among pregnant women in Kenya (2014), adjusted and weighted

From: Intimate partner violence among pregnant women in Kenya: forms, perpetrators and associations

Variable

aOR

95% CI

p-value

Age (continuous)

1.02

1.01–1.02

< 0.001**

Age in 5-year-group

15–19\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

20–24

1.42

0.92–2.23

0.122

25–29

1.42

0.94–2.22

0.110

30–34

1.61

1.06–2.53

0.032*

35–39

1.71

1.12–2.70

0.016*

40–44

1.77

1.14–2.82

0.013*

45–49

1.87

1.19–3.00

0.008*

Age at first cohabitation

\(\le\) 14\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

15–17

1.26

1.09–1.46

0.002**

18+

0.72

0.63–0.83

< 0.001**

Age at sexual debut

\(\le\) 14\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

15–17

1.31

1.14–1.51

< 0.001**

18+

0.62

0.54–0.70

< 0.001**

Religion

Roman Catholic\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Protestant, other Christian

1.08

0.91–1.27

0.381

Muslim

0.28

0.21–0.38

< 0.001**

No religion

0.89

0.57–1.36

0.594

Other religion

2.41

0.90–6.59

0.079

Residence

Urban\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Rural

1.02

0.88–1.17

0.827

Region

Central\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Eastern

0.60

0.52–0.69

< 0.001**

Western

1.68

1.47–1.92

< 0.001**

Nairobi

1.83

1.18–2.82

0.006*

Marital status

Married or living together\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Divorced, separated, widowed

1.97

1.66–2.35

< 0.001**

Number of living children

\(0^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

1–2

0.81

0.70–0.95

0.008*

3–4

1.26

1.10–1.44

< 0.001**

5

1.06

0.89–1.26

0.507

Employment (yes)

1.99

1.71–2.32

< 0.001**

Education

No education\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Primary

1.56

1.27–1.92

< 0.001**

Secondary or higher

0.81

0.69–0.93

< 0.005**

Wealth quintile

Poorer or Poorest\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Middle

1.12

0.91–1.38

0.283

Richer or Richest

0.65

0.55–0.76

< 0.001**

Woman afraid of partner

Never\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Sometimes

3.27

2.80–3.83

< 0.001**

Most of the time

7.30

5.99–8.92

< 0.001**

Woman’s father beat mother

1.82

1.59–2.08

< 0.001**

Partner’s age

15–24\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

25–34

0.86

0.72–1.04

0.118

35+

1.16

0.96–1.42

0.132

Partner’s education

No education\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Primary

1.94

1.52–2.47

< 0.001**

Secondary or higher

0.88

0.76–1.03

0.108

Partner working

Did not work\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Professional, technical, managerial or clerical or services

0.77

0.65–0.90

0.002**

Manual or agricultural or household and domestic

1.24

1.06–1.45

0.009*

Partner’s alcohol consumption

Never\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Often

2.77

2.23–3.45

< 0.001**

Sometimes

0.38

0.30–0.47

< 0.001**

  1. Model is adjusted for woman’s age, education, ethnicity, employment and place of residence (urban, rural). Age variable is presented in years
  2. aOR, adjusted Odds Ratio. 95% CI, 95% Confidence Interval. \(^{\mathrm{r}}\)Reference group. *p-value \(<0.05\). **p-value \(<0.005\)
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