Table 3 Multilevel logistic regression models for individual and household/community predictors of intimate partner violence in Nigeria

Fixed effects results

Individual-level variables

 Age of respondent

  15–24

RC

RC

  25–34

1.05[0.90–1.22]

1.12[0.97–1.31]

  35 and above

0.79**[0.67–0.94]

0.89[0.74–1.06]

 Women’s level of education

  No education

RC

RC

  Primary

0.95[0.79–1.13]

0.99[0.84–1.19]

  Secondary and above

0.89[0.74–1.06]

1.05[0.87–1.27]

 Husband/Partner’s level of education

  No education

RC

RC

  Primary

1.27*[1.05–1.53]

1.32**[1.09–1.60]

  Secondary and above

0.93[0.79–1.11]

1.04[0.87–1.24]

 Marital status

  Currently married

RC

RC

  Cohabitating

1.13[0.87–1.48]

1.20[0.91–1.56]

  Previously married

1.72***[1.35–2.19]

1.73***[1.33–2.25]

 Working status

  No

RC

RC

  Yes

1.30***[1.14–1.47]

1.29***[1.14–1.47]

 Ethnicity

  Hausa

RC

RC

  Yoruba

0.70**[0.54–0.90]

1.39*[0.99–1.94]

  Igbo

1.09[0.83–1.43]

1.01[0.70–1.47]

  Others

1.52***[1.25–1.84]

1.10[0.89–1.37]

 Religion

  Christianity

RC

RC

  Islam

0.65***[0.54–0.90]

0.57***[0.47–0.69]

  Traditionalist and others

0.52*[0.28–0.96]

0.55*[0.30–1.01]

 Parity

  0

RC

RC

  1–3

1.49***[1.19–1.85]

1.47**[1.18–1.84]

  4 and above

1.89***[1.49–2.39]

1.78***[1.40–2.25]

 Exposure to mass media

  No

RC

RC

  Yes

0.99[0.87–1.12]

1.14*[1.00–1.31]

Household-level

Place of residence

 Urban

RC

RC

 Rural

0.88[0.74–1.05]

0.85[0.72–1.01]

Wealth index

 Poorest

RC

RC

 Poorer

0.82*[0.69–0.98]

0.78**[0.65–0.93]

 Middle

0.76**[0.62–0.92]

0.71**[0.58–0.87]

 Richer

0.65***[0.52–0.81]

0.61***[0.48–0.78]

 Richest

0.47***[0.36–0.62]

0.45***[0.34–0.61]

Region

 North Central

RC

RC

 North East

1.11[0.87–1.41]

1.50**[1.16–1.92]

 North West

0.31***[0.25–0.39]

0.49***[0.37–0.64]

 South East

0.94[0.73–1.21]

0.75[0.51–1.10]

 South South

1.27*[0.99–1.63]

1.01[0.78–1.31]

 South West

0.33***[0.25–0.42]

0.25***[0.18–0.34]

Sex of household head

 Male

RC

RC

 Female

1.18*[1.02–1.36]

1.01[0.86–1.20]

Community literacy level

 Low

RC

RC

 Medium

1.05[0.87–1.27]

0.89[0.73–1.09]

 High

1.04[0.82–1.33]

0.83[0.65–1.07]

Community socioeconomic status

 Low

RC

RC

 Medium

1.42*[1.03–1.96]

1.45*[1.06–2.00]

 High

0.92[0.73–1.15]

0.97[0.77–1.21]

Random effects results

 PSU Variance (95% CI)

1.23[1.06–1.44]

1.00[0.84–1.18]

0.84[0.71–1.01]

0.81[0.68–0.98]

 ICC

0.27

0.23

0.20

0.19

 LR test

χ2 = 658.59, p < 0.001

χ2 = 472.39, p < 0.001

χ2 = 369.95, p < 0.001

χ2 = 342.95, p < 0.001

 Wald χ2

Reference

237.68***

318.78***

450.12***

Model fitness

 Log-likelihood

− 5581.21

− 5461.92

− 5422.82

− 5348.14

 AIC

11,166.42

10,961.84

10,879.64

10,764.27

 Number of clusters

1383

1383

1383

1383