Table 1 Characteristics of Project Viva women included in this analysis according to lifetime breastfeeding status
Overall | Never breastfed | Ever breastfed | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) or mean (SD) | ||||
n = 631 | 63 (10) | 568 (90) | ||
Race/ethnicity, % | 0.489 | |||
Black | 90 (14) | 8 (13) | 82 (14) | |
Hispanic | 44 (7) | 4 (6) | 40 (7) | |
Asian | 39 (6) | 2 (3) | 37 (7) | |
White | 426 (68) | 48 (76) | 378 (67) | |
Other | 30 (5) | 1 (2) | 29 (5) | |
College graduate, % | 0.004 | |||
No | 155 (25) | 25 (40) | 130 (23) | |
Yes | 474 (75) | 38 (60) | 436 (77) | |
Household income > $70,000/year, % | 0.115 | |||
No | 197 (34) | 26 (43) | 171 (33) | |
Yes | 379 (66) | 34 (57) | 345 (67) | |
Age at 1st pregnancy, years | 28.5 (6.1) | 28.5 (6.8) | 28.5 (6.0) | 0.745 |
Nulliparous at index pregnancy, % | 0.133 | |||
No | 327 (52) | 27 (43) | 300 (53) | |
Yes | 304 (48) | 36 (57) | 268 (47) | |
Married or cohabiting, % | 0.096 | |||
No | 47 (7) | 8 (13) | 39 (7) | |
Yes | 582 (93) | 55 (87) | 527 (93) | |
Dominant hand | 0.649 | |||
Right | 570 (90) | 55 (87) | 515 (91) | |
Left | 51 (8) | 7 (11) | 44 (8) | |
Handgrip strength measurements, kg | ||||
Dominant hand | 28.0 (6.0) | 28.2 (6.6) | 28.0 (6.0) | 0.834 |
Non-dominant hand | 26.0 (5.6) | 26.0 (6.1) | 26.0 (5.6) | 0.999 |
Average of dominant and non-dominant hands | 27.0 (5.6) | 27.1 (6.1) | 27.0 (5.6) | 0.898 |
Age at handgrip strength measurement, years | 50.7 (5.1) | 50.0 (5.9) | 50.8 (5.0) | 0.266 |
Parity at handgrip strength measurement, births | 2.5 (1.0) | 2.2 (0.9) | 2.5 (1.0) | 0.951 |
Ever smoking, % | 0.075 | |||
No | 474 (78) | 42 (69) | 432 (79) | |
Yes | 135 (22) | 19 (31) | 116 (21) | |