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Table 2 Dietary intakes of study subjects according to tertiles of the LLDS score in obese and overweight women (n = 217)

From: Association of Lifelines Diet Score (LLDS) and metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity phenotypes in women: a cross-sectional study

Variables

Tertiles of the LLDS score

P value

P value*

T1 (n = 76)

 ≤ 34

T2 (n = 80)

35–38

T3 (n = 61)

 ≥ 39

Food groups

Mean ± SD

Positive food groups

Vegetables (g/d)

357.31 ± 256.94

424.34 ± 256.34

572.62 ± 254.26

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Fruits (g/d)

504.46 ± 332.35

567.62 ± 365.52

668.98 ± 425.40

0.03

0.001

Whole grain products

450.27 ± 202.69

388.78 ± 155.21

467.14 ± 306.79

0.08

0.29

Legumes and Nuts (g/d)

51.06 ± 30.16

61.53 ± 46.22

87.12 ± 53.87

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Fish

9.37 ± 11.85

9.71 ± 7.77

17.30 ± 14.48

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Oils and soft margarines

12.54 ± 13.44

17.90 ± 15.91

20.22 ± 17.47

0.01

0.009

Unsweetened dairy

270.81 ± 232.52

333.90 ± 215.08

442.59 ± 264.84

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Coffee

10.21 ± 26.19

22.44 ± 48.35

39.35 ± 71.45

0.004

0.004

Tea

764.44 ± 595.17

620.52 ± 476.88

805.71 ± 548.39

0.09

0.20

Negative food groups

Red and processed meat

37.59 ± 24.84

28.25 ± 26.01

25.62 ± 19.55

0.008

0.01

Butter and hard margarines

25.10 ± 26.43

7.99 ± 12.66

3.70 ± 7.81

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Sugar-sweetened beverages

41.47 ± 48.41

29.10 ± 78.30

9.68 ± 15.36

0.005

0.005

Macronutrients

Energy (kcal)

2725.86 ± 813.05

2497.91 ± 762.85

2674.12 ± 663.23

0.14

–

Carbohydrates (g/d)

374.39 ± 125.36

359.81 ± 119.95

394.51 ± 122.16

0.25

0.001

Total Fat (g/d)

105.34 ± 36.44

88.64 ± 32.95

88.50 ± 22.46

0.001

 < 0.001

Protein (g/d)

87.15 ± 31.60

84.78 ± 25.82

98.08 ± 23.73

0.01

 < 0.001

Micronutrients

MUFA (g/d)

34.24 ± 12.54

29.80 ± 11.96

29.06 ± 7.05

0.01

0.005

PUFA (g/d)

21.52 ± 9.70

19.23 ± 9.52

18.90 ± 5.37

0.14

0.21

SFA (g/d)

32.43 ± 13.89

25.91 ± 9.28

25.83 ± 8.12

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Trans fat

0.001 ± 0.002

0.001 ± 0.003

0.001 ± 0.002

0.91

0.93

Linolenic acid (g/d)

1.39 ± 0.67

1.17 ± 0.62

1.13 ± 0.54

0.02

0.03

Linoleic acid (g/d)

18.73 ± 9.27

16.62 ± 9.02

16.08 ± 5.10

0.12

0.18

EPA (g/d)

0.02 ± 0.03

0.02 ± 0.02

0.05 ± 0.04

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

DHA (g/d)

0.08 ± 0.11

0.08 ± 0.07

0.17 ± 0.14

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Iron (mg/d)

18.71 ± 6.29

17.61 ± 5.87

20.38 ± 5.65

0.02

 < 0.001

Zinc (mg/d)

13.12 ± 4.65

12.40 ± 4.13

14.25 ± 3.86

0.03

0.002

Selenium (mcg/d)

120.80 ± 42.82

110.48 ± 40.08

130.32 ± 40.34

0.01

0.01

Copper (mg/d)

1.89 ± 0.65

2.00 ± 0.86

2.21 ± 0.63

0.03

0.004

Calcium (mg/d)

1091.29 ± 464.15

1137.74 ± 369.64

1337.28 ± 406.98

0.002

 < 0.001

Magnesium (mg/d)

441.32 ± 144.65

442.61 ± 151.78

527.85 ± 134.08

0.001

 < 0.001

Potassium (mEq/d)

4011.97 ± 1584.91

4266.76 ± 1511.92

5074.40 ± 1478.39

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Manganese (mg/d)

6.98 ± 2.49

6.51 ± 2.42

7.97 ± 2.45

0.002

 < 0.001

Sodium (mg/d)

4288.95 ± 1588.14

4123.72 ± 1414.90

4341.27 ± 1266.01

0.63

0.77

Chromium (mg/d)

0.09 ± 0.08

0.10 ± 0.08

0.13 ± 0.08

0.03

0.04

Vitamin C (mg/d)

171.45 ± 106.54

205.11 ± 156.15

221.07 ± 119.66

0.07

0.003

Vitamin E (mg/d)

16.02 ± 8.74

17.68 ± 10.82

17.60 ± 6.23

0.44

0.14

Vitamin A (mg/d)

730.91 ± 425.67

780.92 ± 439.60

919.01 ± 385.97

0.03

0.01

Beta carotene (mg/d)

4248.99 ± 2626.88

5447.76 ± 4490.96

6742.44 ± 3344.36

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Vitamin K (mg/d)

171.64 ± 101.04

219.08 ± 293.04

275.92 ± 176.99

0.01

0.01

Vitamin D (ug/d)

1.69 ± 1.62

2.06 ± 1.63

2.42 ± 1.65

0.03

0.02

Thiamin (mg/d)

2.08 ± 0.69

1.94 ± 0.57

2.21 ± 0.63

0.04

0.007

Riboflavin (mg/d)

2.14 ± 0.92

2.18 ± 0.86

2.41 ± 0.68

0.14

0.007

Niacin (mg/d)

25.42 ± 10.73

23.96 ± 8.13

26.63 ± 6.80

0.20

0.25

Pantothenic acid (mg/d)

6.216 ± 3.25

6.23 ± 1.86

7.42 ± 2.03

0.007

 < 0.001

Vitamin B6 (mg/d)

2.05 ± 0.75

2.13 ± 0.70

2.42 ± 0.63

0.008

 < 0.001

Biotin (mg/d)

34.64 ± 21.64

37.41 ± 14.35

46.61 ± 14.04

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Folate (mcg/d)

583.90 ± 180.65

577.09 ± 156.93

676.42 ± 175.99

0.001

 < 0.001

Vitamin B12 (mcg/d)

4.74 ± 3.22

4.26 ± 2.01

4.58 ± 2.17

0.49

0.94

Total fiber (g/d)

43.17 ± 21.09

44.13 ± 17.08

49.24 ± 17.01

0.14

0.01

Caffeine (mg/d)

161.13 ± 120.86

132.86 ± 94.19

163.67 ± 108.45

0.15

0.02

  1. Values are represented as means ± SD
  2. DHA Docosahexaenoic Acid; EPA Eicosapentaenoic Acid; MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid; SD Standard Deviation; SFA saturated fatty acid; T tertile
  3. P value: ANOVA test was used
  4. P value*: ANCOVA was performed to adjusted potential confounding factors (energy intake)
  5. P values < 0.05 were considered as significant levels and P values = 0.05, 0.06 and 0.07 were considered as marginally significant
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BMC Women's Health

ISSN: 1472-6874

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