Table 4 Sensitivity analysis considering only women with domestic violence module responses per the 2020 RDHS

Empowerment

Exposure to mass media

< 0.001

 No exposure

1

 Low

0.73 (0.60–0.89)

 Medium

0.99 (0.79–1.23)

 High

0.47 (0.33–0.67)

Decision making

0.007

 No

1

 Low

1.01 (0.67–1.51)

 Medium

0.77 (0.55–1.07)

 High

0.67 (0.48–0.94)

Economic empowerment

< 0.001

 No

1

 Low

1.12 (0.87–1.45)

 Medium

0.85 (0.6–1.12)

 High

0.61 (0.45–0.83)

Sexual empowerment

0.102

 No

1

 Low

0.84 (0.65–1.08)

 High

0.77 (0.61–0.98)

Other variables

Age

0.548

 15–24

1

 25–34

1.08 (0.84–1.38)

 35–44

1.13 (0.85–1.50)

 45–49

0.96 (0.68–1.35)

Education level

< 0.001

 No education

1

 Primary

0.74 (0.61–0.91)

 Secondary

0.52 (0.38–0.71)

 Tertiary

0.29 (0.14–0.59)

Working status

0.552

 Not working

1

 Working

1.06 (0.87–1.30)

Marital status

N/A

 Unmarried

N/A

 Married

N/A

Religion

0.868

 Catholic

1

 Protestant

1.08 (0.90–1.30)

 Adventist

1.09 (0.85–1.40)

 Muslim

1.20 (0.68–2.10)

 Others

1.20 (0.67–1.81)

Wealth index

< 0.001

 Poorest

1

 Poorer

0.49 (0.40–0.60)

 Middle

0.33 (0.26–0.43)

 Richer

0.22 (0.17–0.28)

 Richest

0.09 (0.06–0.13)

Residence

< 0.001

 Rural

 Urban

1.74 (1.29–2.35)

Region

< 0.001

 South

1

 North

0.63 (0.43–0.92)

 East

1.72 (1.28–2.30)

 West

1.40 (1.05–1.87)

 Kigali

3.35 (2.35–4.79)

Household size

0.005

 6 and above

1

 Less than 6

0.78 (0.65–0.93)

Sex of household head

0.019

 Female

1

 Male

0.78 (0.63–0.96)