Table 6 Results obtained from discrete-time complementary log–log multilevel models on spacing contraceptives adoption by selected background characteristics, India, NFHS-4

Month of contraceptive adoption

 1–2 (Ref.)

1

1

1

1

1

1

 3–4

1.531*** [1.443,1.624]

1.531*** [1.444,1.624]

1.682*** [1.583,1.788]

1.661*** [1.564,1.764]

1.796*** [1.690,1.909]

1.755*** [1.652,1.863]

 5–6

1.515*** [1.417,1.619]

1.541*** [1.442,1.646]

1.831*** [1.708,1.963]

1.833*** [1.712,1.964]

2.107*** [1.963,2.262]

2.075*** [1.935,2.226]

 7–8

1.370*** [1.266,1.482]

1.419*** [1.312,1.535]

1.829*** [1.682,1.989]

1.870*** [1.721,2.032]

2.306*** [2.115,2.514]

2.315*** [2.125,2.521]

 9–10

0.775*** [0.704,0.854]

0.812*** [0.738,0.894]

1.109* [1.001,1.227]

1.151** [1.041,1.273]

1.492*** [1.344,1.657]

1.524*** [1.374,1.691]

 11–12

0.634*** [0.569,0.708]

0.668*** [0.598,0.746]

0.950 [0.849,1.064]

0.995 [0.888,1.114]

1.342*** [1.197,1.505]

1.386*** [1.235,1.555]

Residence

 Rural (Ref.)

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Urban poor

1.267** [1.096,1.465]

1.120 [0.975,1.285]

1.284*** [1.110,1.486]

1.154* [1.011,1.318]

1.281*** [1.106,1.484]

1.146* [1.006,1.306]

 Urban non-poor

1.906*** [1.809,2.008]

1.175*** [1.106,1.248]

1.873*** [1.778,1.974]

1.182*** [1.113,1.255]

1.854*** [1.760,1.953]

1.208*** [1.137,1.283]

Mother’s age at birth

 30 + (Ref.)

1

1

1

 Below 18

1.232** [1.053,1.442]

1.347*** [1.154,1.574]

1.159 [0.980,1.371]

 18–24

1.194*** [1.098,1.299]

1.236*** [1.136,1.345]

1.182*** [1.080,1.295]

 25–30

1.140** [1.050,1.239]

1.165*** [1.069,1.270]

1.119* [1.020,1.228]

Level of education

 No education (Ref.)

1

1

1

 Primary

1.266*** [1.167,1.374]

1.229*** [1.133,1.333]

1.187*** [1.088,1.294]

 Secondary

1.451*** [1.334,1.579]

1.382*** [1.265,1.510]

1.323*** [1.207,1.449]

 Higher

1.774*** [1.600,1.966]

1.663*** [1.493,1.853]

1.468*** [1.312,1.643]

Religion

 Hindu (Ref.)

1

1

1

 Muslim

1.358*** [1.266,1.457]

1.301*** [1.213,1.396]

1.322***[1.237,1.412]

 Others

1.047 [0.956,1.147]

1.023 [0.938,1.115]

1.013 [0.933,1.101]

Caste

 Schedule Tribe (Ref.)

1

1

1

 Schedule Caste

1.380*** [1.233,1.545]

1.333*** [1.187,1.497]

1.346*** [1.178,1.537]

 Other Backward Caste

1.177** [1.066,1.299]

1.149** [1.040,1.269]

1.180** [1.053,1.322]

 General

1.341*** [1.206,1.490]

1.304*** [1.173,1.450]

1.331*** [1.181,1.500]

Region

 East (Ref.)

1

1

1

 North zone

1.509*** [1.407,1.619]

1.468*** [1.370,1.573]

1.376*** [1.284,1.476]

 West zone

0.588*** [0.534,0.647]

0.637*** [0.580,0.701]

0.686*** [0.625,0.753]

 South zone

0.168*** [0.150,0.188]

0.214*** [0.191,0.240]

0.270*** [0.239,0.305]

 Central zone

0.897** [0.837,0.961]

0.965 [0.902,1.034]

0.967 [0.903,1.036]

 Northeast zone

1.524*** [1.404,1.654]

1.459*** [1.349,1.579]

1.330*** [1.231,1.437]

Sex of head of household

 Female (Ref.)

1

1

1

 Male

1.310*** [1.214,1.415]

1.260*** [1.168,1.360]

1.256*** [1.167,1.352]

Media exposure to FP message

 No (Ref.)

1

1

1

 Yes

1.281*** [1.199,1.369]

1.269*** [1.188,1.355]

1.259*** [1.175,1.349]

Correct knowledge of ovulatory cycle

 No (Ref.)

1

1

1

 Yes

1.253*** [1.186,1.324]

1.232*** [1.163,1.305]

1.223*** [1.155,1.294]

Ever termination of pregnancy

 Yes (Ref.)

1

1

1

 No

1.195*** [1.124,1.271]

1.122*** [1.055,1.192]

1.070* [1.009,1.135]

Sex composition of children

 No children (Ref.)

1

1

1

 No sons but at least one daughter

4.022*** [2.785,5.809]

3.187*** [2.201,4.615]

2.967*** [2.005,4.389]

 No daughters but at least one son

4.370*** [3.025,6.312]

3.337*** [2.307,4.827]

3.131*** [2.116,4.633]

 Sons less than daughters

4.728*** [3.255,6.866]

3.625*** [2.487,5.284]

3.118*** [2.092,4.646]

 Sons greater than daughters

4.477*** [3.072,6.527]

3.549*** [2.427,5.188]

3.174*** [2.124,4.745]

 Equal sons and daughters

4.678*** [3.234,6.767]

3.573*** [2.462,5.186]

3.286*** [2.214,4.876]

Wanted last child

 Wanted then

1

1

1

 Wanted later (Mistimed)

1.296*** [1.166,1.439]

1.304*** [1.176,1.446]

1.179** [1.061,1.310]

 Wanted no more (Unwanted)

1.039 [0.916,1.178]

1.116 [0.989,1.259]

1.093 [0.958,1.247]

Future desire for next children

 Wanted more (Ref.)

1

1

1

 Wants no more

1.182*** [1.119,1.248]

1.186*** [1.122,1.255]

1.186*** [1.120,1.256]

 Sterilized/Infecund/Never had sex

0.649*** [0.581,0.726]

0.691*** [0.616,0.775]

0.742*** [0.665,0.828]

Health worker’s outreach for FP service

 Not met (Ref.)

1

1

1

 Met but not received advice on family planning

1.066 [0.993,1.143]

1.063 [0.991,1.141]

1.037 [0.966,1.114]

 Met and received advice on family planning

1.431*** [1.353,1.514]

1.395*** [1.317,1.478]

1.336*** [1.259,1.418]

Continuum of maternal and child health care services

 No service (Ref.)

1

1

1

 Any one service

1.148** [1.041,1.267]

1.123* [1.022,1.234]

1.079 [0.971,1.199]

 Any two services

1.387*** [1.263,1.524]

1.344*** [1.233,1.467]

1.255*** [1.138,1.384]

 All the three services

1.573*** [1.389,1.782]

1.562*** [1.393,1.751]

1.377*** [1.213,1.564]

Whether distance to health facility is a problem

 No problem (Ref.)

1

1

1

 Big problem

0.916** [0.860,0.976]

0.932* [0.877,0.990]

0.941 [0.883,1.003]

 Not a big problem

0.941* [0.889,0.996]

0.957 [0.906,1.011]

0.979 [0.927,1.034]

 Constant^b

-4.399*** (0.0312)

-7.672*** (0.2080)

-3.899*** (0.0333)

-6.824*** (0.2080)

-3.570*** (0.0336)

-6.265*** (0.2190)

 Var(constant)^b

1.758*** (0.0435)

1.103*** (0.0343)

1.540*** (0.0459)

0.983*** (0.0371)

1.371*** (0.0470)

0.926*** (0.0403)

 Total person-month (n)

948,046

948,046

539,134

539,134

375,562

375,562