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Table 3 Description of the different categories of barriers to cervical cancer screening in low-to-middle-income countries

From: Barriers to uptake of cervical cancer screening services in low-and-middle-income countries: a systematic review

Number of articles by continent N = 79

Barrier categories

Continents

n

Individual

Social

Cultural/traditional/religious

Health system

Structural

Africa

48

44 (55.6%)

19 (24%)

26 (32.9%)

32 (40.5%)

30 (37.9%)

Asia

17

16 (20.2%)

3 (3.7%)

4 (5%)

9 (11.3%)

3 (3.7%)

North America

4

3 (3.7%)

2 (2.5%)

–

1(1.2%)

2 (2.5%)

South America

7

5 (6.3%)

2 (2.5%)

2 (2.5%)

5 (6.3%)

6 (7.5%)

Oceania

1

–

–

–

1(1.2%)

1 (1.2%)

Europe

2

2 (2.5%)

1 (1.2%)

–

1(1.2%)

–

Total

79

70a (88.6%)

27a (34.1%)

32a (40.5%)

49a (62%)

42a (53.1%)

  1. aTotal number of articles that described Individual, Social, Cultural/traditional/religious, Health system and Structural barriers