Table 3 Participants’ characteristics

Basic sociodemographic characteristics

Education

χ² (1, n = 1003) = 20.4299, p < 0.001, Cramer’s V = − 0.1427

 < 12 years in school

466 (46.46%)

198 (39.36%)

268 (53.60%)

 ≥ 12 years in school

537 (53.54%)

305 (60.64%)

232 (46.40%)

Age

χ² (3, n = 1003) = 0.7829, p = 0.854, Cramer’s V = 0.0279

 25–34

70 (6.98%)

36 (7.16%)

34 (6.80%)

 35–44

128 (12.76%)

65 (12.92%)

63 (12.60%)

 45–54

283 (28.22%)

147 (29.22%)

136 (27.20%)

 55–65

522 (52.04%)

255 (50.70%)

267 (53.40%)

 Mean age (SD)

52.75 (9.72)

52.6 (9.73)

52.89 (9.71)

Household income in Euro¹

χ² (9, n = 912) = 36.9948, p < 0.001, Cramer’s V = 0.2014

 < 500

9 (1.0%)

6 (1.4%)

3 (0.6%)

 500 < 1000

61 (6.7%)

13 (3.0%)

48 (10.1%)

 1000 < 1500

90 (9.9%)

37 (8.6%)

53 (11.2%)

 1500 < 2000

124 (13.6%)

61 (13.9%)

63 (13.3%)

 2000 < 2500

133 (14.6%)

60 (13.7%)

73 (15.4%)

 2500 < 3000

92 (10.1%)

37 (8.5%)

55 (11.6%)

 3000 < 3500

99 (10.7%)

46 (10.5%)

53 (11.2%)

 3500 < 4000

80 (8.8%)

48 (10.9%)

32 (6.8%)

 4000 < 4500

78 (8.6%)

44 (10.1%)

34 (7.2%)

 ≥ 4500

146 (16.0%)

86 (19.6%)

60 (12.7%)

Health insurance

χ² (1, n = 1002) = 6.8299, p = 0.009, Cramer’s V = − 0.0826

 Statutory health insurance

119 (88.1%)

429 (85.5%)

454 (90.8%)

 Private health insurance

883 (11.9%)

73 (14.5%)

46 (9.2%)

Weight status

BMI

 Underweight (BMI < 18.5)

13 (1.3%)

13 (1.3%)

–

 Normal weight (18.5 ≥ BMI < 25)

268 (26.72%)

268 (26.72%)

–

 Overweight (25 ≥ BMI < 30)

222 (22.13%)

222 (22.13%)

–

 Nonobese (BMI < 30)

503 (50.15%)

503 (50.15%)

–

 Obesity (BMI ≥ 30)

500 (49.85%)

–

500 (49.85%)

 Obesity class I (30 ≥ BMI < 35)

301 (30.01%)

–

301 (30.01%)

 Obesity class II (35 ≥ BMI < 40)

129 (12.86%)

–

129 (12.86%)

 Obesity class III (BMI ≥ 40)

70 (6.98%)

–

70 (6.98%)

 Mean BMI (SD)

29.72 (6.80)

24.36 (3.27)

35.10 (4.92)

Self-perceived weight status

 Extremely underweight

3 (0.3%)

3 (0.6%)

–

 Underweight

4 (0.4%)

4 (0.8%)

–

 Slightly underweight

26 (2.6%)

26 (5.17%)

–

 Normal weight

252 (25.12%)

245 (48.71%)

7 (1.40%)

 Slightly overweight

212 (21.14%)

154 (30.62%)

58 (11.60%)

 Overweight

312 (31.11%)

68 (13.52%)

244 (48.80%)

 Obese

194 (19.34%)

3 (0.6%)

191 (38.20%)

Experiences with HCPs

Inadequate treatment by HCPs

χ² (1, n = 1003) = 4.6272, p = 0.031, Cramer’s V = − 0.0679

 Experienced

674 (67.2%)

354 (70.4%)

320 (64.0%)

 Not experienced

329 (32.8%)

149 (29.6%)

180 (36.0%)

Weight bias

WBI

 Q1 WBIS (Score 10 ≤ 20)

–

–

142 (28.4%)

 Q2 WBIS (Score 20 ≤ 27)

–

–

114 (22.8%)

 Q3 WBIS (Score 27 ≤ 37)

–

–

127 (25.4%)

 Q4 WBIS (Score 37 ≤ 70)

–

–

117 (23.4%)

 Mean WBIS (SD)

–

–

29.40 (12.43)

General weight-based discrimination

–

 Yes

–

–

186 (37.2%)

 No

–

–

314 (62.8%)

Weight-based discrimination by HPCs

–

 Yes

–

–

138 (27.6%)

 No

–

–

362 (72.4%)

Treatment refused because of weight

–

 Yes

–

–

14 (2.8%)

 No

–

–

486 (97.2%)

Experiences with cancer

Current/previous cancer diagnosis in participants

χ² (1, n = 1002) = 0.3369, p = 0.562, Cramer’s V = − 0.0183

 Yes

87 (8.7%)

41 (8.2%)

46 (9.2%)

 No

915 (91.3%)

461 (91.8%)

454 (90.8%)

Current/previous cancer in participant’s environment

χ² (1, n = 1001) = 0.0769, p = 0.781, Cramer’s V = − 0.0088

 Yes

772 (77.1%)

389 (77.5%)

383 (76.8%)

 No

229 (22.9%)

113 (22.5%)

116 (23.2%)

Knowledge about CPS

Knowledge about Pap smear (women aged 25–65)

χ² (1, n = 1003) = 2.7962, p = 0.094, Cramer’s V = − 0.0528

 Yes

550 (54.8%)

289 (57.5%)

261 (52.2%)

 No

453 (45.2%)

214 (42.5%)

239 (47.8%)

Knowledge about HPV vaccination (women aged ≤ 30)

χ² (1, n = 32) = 3.1643, p = 0.075, Cramer’s V = − 0.3145

 Yes

27 (84.4%)

17 (94.4%)

10 (71.4%)

 No

5 (15.6%)

1 (5.6%)

4 (28.6%)

Knowledge about clinical breast examination (women aged 30–65)

χ² (1, n = 985) = 0.091, p = 0.754, Cramer’s V = − 0.0100

 Yes

182 (18.5%)

93 (18.9%)

89 (18.1%)

 No

803 (81.5%)

400 (81.1%)

403 (81.9%)

Knowledge about mammography (women aged 50–65)

χ² (1, n = 711) = 0.4475, p = 0.504, Cramer’s V = − 0.0251

 Yes

381 (53.6%)

192 (54.9%)

189 (52.3%)

 No

330 (46.4%)

158 (45.1%)

172 (47.7%)

Knowledge about faecal occult blood test (FOBT) (women aged 50–65)

χ² (1, n = 711) = 1.3664, p = 0.242, Cramer’s V = − 0.0438

 Yes

219 (30.8%)

115 (32.9%)

104 (28.8%)

 No

492 (69.2%)

235 (67.1%)

257 (71.2%)

Knowledge about colonoscopy (women aged 55–65)

χ² (1, n = 711) = 0.0220, p = 0.882, Cramer’s V = − 0.0056

 Yes

386 (54.3%)

191 (54.6%)

195 (54.0%)

 No

325 (45.7%)

159 (45.4%)

166 (46.0%)