Table 5 factors associated with modern contraceptive use among reproductive-age women in high fertility countries (n = 159,014)

Individual level factors

Age in years

 15–24

4693 (7.5)

57,906 (92.5)

1.52 (1.31–1.77)

1.56 (1.34–1.81)*

 25–34

7215 (13.95)

44,492 (86.05)

1.27 (1.15–1.40)

1.24 (1.13–1.38)*

 35–49

5137 (11.49)

39,571 (88.51)

1

1

Educational status of the respondents

 No formal education

5403 (7.58)

65,831 (92.42)

1

1

 Primary education

3727 (10.59)

31,458 (89.41)

1.36 (1.23–1.52)

1.36 (1.22–1.52)*

 Secondary and higher

7914 (15.05)

44,681 (84.95)

3.21 (2.86–3.61)

3.30 (2.92–3.73)*

Wealth index

 Poor

3673 (6.26)

54,963 (93.74)

1

1

 Middle

27.32 (8.86)

28,108 (91.14)

1.04 (0.91–1.18)

1.04 (0.91–1.19)

 Rich

10,639 (15.3)

58,899 (84.7)

1.34 (1.19–1.52)

1.32 (1.16–1.51)*

Individual level media exposure

 Yes

13,489 (13.36)

87,450 (86.64)

1.67 (1.51–1.85)

1.68 (1.51–1.86)*

 No

3555 (6.12)

54,520 (93.88)

1

Number of living children

 1

4627 (7.3)

58,794 (92.70)

1

1

 2–4

7770 (13.67)

49,051 (86.33)

1.07 (0.94–1.22)

1.09 (0.95–1.25)

 5 or more

4647 (11.99)

34,124 (88.01)

0.99 (0.84–1.17)

0.99 (0.84–1.17)

Antenatal care

 No

678 (4.26)

15,234 (95.74)

1

1

 Yes

16,366 (11.44)

126,736 (88.56)

1.34 (1.12–1.62)

1.33 (1.1–1.6)*

Decision maker for contraception

 Jointly decision

8258 (76.59)

2523 (23.41)

1

1

 Husband decision

1542 (77.53)

446 (22.47)

0.96 (0.84–1.20)

0.97 (0.85–1.10)

 Mainly respondents

3680 (78.35)

1017 (21.65)

1.05 (0.95–1.15)

1.07 (0.97–1.17)

Community level factors

Community level poverty

 Low

10,434 (12.37)

73,941 (87.63)

1

1

 High

6610 (8.86)

68,029 (91.14)

0.73 (0.68–0.78)

1.16 (0.99–1.35)

Distance to the health facility

 Big problem

4673 (8.75)

48,732 (91.25)

1

1

 Not Big problem

11,858 (12.61)

82,144 (87.39)

1.33 (1.28–1.38)

1.17 (1.07–1.29)*

Place of residence

 Rural

8305(8.23)

92,653 (91.77)

1

1

 Urban

8739(15.05)

49,317 (84.95)

1.71 (1.64–1.78)

1.06 (0.94–1.20)