Table 2 Themes, sub-themes, codes, and frequencies extracted from the data analysis
From: Women’s worries about prenatal screening tests suspected of fetal anomalies: a qualitative study
Themes | Sub-themes | Final codes |
|---|---|---|
Causes of worry | Challenge with spouse and relatives | Negligence |
Not spending enough time | ||
Not taking the possibility of anomaly tests seriously | ||
Not allowing an abortion if the anomaly is proven | ||
Misinformation about anomalies | ||
Lack of husband’s family understanding Current status | ||
Medical diagnostic processes | Delay in test results | |
The physician’s uncertainty | ||
Uncertainty in the physician's statements | ||
The physician’s improper clarification | ||
Previous unpleasant experiences | Loss of the previous child | |
Consequences of abnormal infant parents among the acquaintances | ||
Existence of family problems | ||
History of high-risk pregnancies | ||
History of abortion or abnormality in the previous child | ||
Physical and mental problems | Previous medical problems of the woman | |
Difficulty in decision-making about abortion as the fetus ages | ||
Physical and psychological changes in women during pregnancy | ||
Older age | ||
Financial concerns | High costs of additional tests | |
High cost of amniocentesis | ||
Costs for multiple visits | ||
Inappropriate information | Insufficient information about anomalies | |
Maternal misinformation about abnormalities | ||
Getting information about anomalies from cyberspace and the Internet | ||
Coping styles with worry | Cognitive emotion-orientation | Reading books |
Listening to motivational voices | ||
Gratitude and appreciation | ||
Praying | ||
Trust in God | ||
Trust in the physician's current diagnosis | ||
Sharing the problem of fetal anomalies with relatives | ||
Behavioral emotion-orientation | Participation in childbirth preparation classes | |
Doing physical activities and sports | ||
Problem orientation | Referral to another physician for a more detailed examination | |
Reactions towards the possible diagnosis of anomalies | Hiding the problems | Not sharing problems with friends or relatives |
not sharing problems with the spouse | ||
Fear and worry | Severe fear after diagnosis of an anomaly | |
Severe worry after diagnosis of an anomaly | ||
Worry about taking good care of a previous healthy child | ||
Fear of the consequences of having an abnormal infant | ||
Uncertainty and confusion in decision making | ||
Denial | Performing additional tests | |
Probability of mistakes in test answers | ||
Attributing the cause of the anomaly | Personal beliefs | Consanguine marriage |
Devil eyes of others | ||
Tendency to have a baby of a certain gender (boy or girl) | ||
A history of abnormalities in the previous child | ||
Spouse's medical illness during pregnancy | ||
Unplanned pregnancy |