Table 2 Association between exposure to interparental violence and intimate partner violence justification in Papua New Guinea
Variable | Model O | Model I cOR [95% CI] | Model II aOR [95% CI] | Model III aOR [95% CI] | Model IV aOR [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed effect | |||||
Exposed to inter-parental violence | |||||
 No |  | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Yes |  | 1.29** [1.07, 1.55] | 1.29** [1.06, 1.55] | 1.27* [1.06, 1.54] | 1.26* [1.05, 1.53] |
Women’s age | |||||
 15–24 |  |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 25–34 |  |  | 0.65* [0.47, 0.90] |  | 0.66* [0.48, 0.91] |
 35–49 |  |  | 0.65* [0.44, 0.96] |  | 0.66* [0.44, 0.97] |
Women’s educational level | |||||
 No education |  |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Primary |  |  | 0.93 [0.71, 1.21] |  | 1.01 [0.76, 1.33] |
 Secondary or higher |  |  | 0.73 [0.52, 1.02] |  | 0.79 [0.55, 1.13] |
Marital status | |||||
 Married |  |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Cohabiting |  |  | 1.11 [0.86, 1.44] |  | 1.05 [0.81, 1.37] |
Current working status | |||||
 No |  |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Yes |  |  | 0.95 [0.77, 1.17] |  | 0.99 [0.80, 1.22] |
Parity | |||||
 Zero birth |  |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 1 birth |  |  | 0.83 [0.55, 1.25] |  | 0.85 [0.57, 1.28] |
 2 births |  |  | 0.95 [0.64, 1.43] |  | 1.00 [0.67, 1.49] |
 3 births |  |  | 0.94 [0.63, 1.41] |  | 0.98 [0.66, 1.47] |
 4 or more births |  |  | 0.97 [0.66, 1.43] |  | 1.04 [0.71, 1.53] |
Exposure to mass media | |||||
 None |  |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 One |  |  | 1.36* [1.04, 1.78] |  | 1.38* [1.06, 1.82] |
 Two or more |  |  | 1.28 [0.98, 1.68] |  | 1.26 [0.95, 1.67] |
Partner's educational level | |||||
 No education |  |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Primary |  |  | 1.16 [0.87, 1.55] |  | 1.30 [0.96, 1.74] |
 Secondary or higher |  |  | 1.15 [0.83, 1.58] |  | 1.22 [0.87, 1.70] |
Partner's age | |||||
 15–24 |  |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 25–34 |  |  | 0.79 [0.49, 1.29] |  | 0.79 [0.49, 1.28] |
 35–44 |  |  | 0.74 [0.44, 1.25] |  | 0.72 [0.43, 1.21] |
 45 +  |  |  | 0.58 [0.33, 1.01] |  | 0.55* [0.32, 0.96] |
Wealth index | |||||
 Poorest |  |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Poorer |  |  |  | 1.00 [0.71, 1.39] | 0.99 [0.71, 1.38] |
 Middle |  |  |  | 0.88 [0.63, 1.22] | 0.84 [0.59, 1.18] |
 Richer |  |  |  | 0.97 [0.67, 1.40] | 0.93 [0.63, 1.36] |
 Richest |  |  |  | 0.98 [0.63, 1.52] | 1.00 [0.62, 1.61] |
Place of residence | |||||
 Urban |  |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Rural |  |  |  | 0.80 [0.55, 1.18] | 0.82 [0.56, 1.21] |
Region | |||||
 Southern Region |  |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Highlands Region |  |  |  | 2.28*** [1.64, 3.16] | 2.50*** [1.78, 3.51] |
 Momase Region |  |  |  | 1.88*** [1.35, 2.62] | 1.96*** [1.40, 2.75] |
 Islands Region |  |  |  | 1.34 [0.96, 1.88] | 1.42* [1.01, 1.99] |
Community literacy level | |||||
 Low |  |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Medium |  |  |  | 1.18 [0.86, 1.61] | 1.16 [0.84, 1.61] |
 High |  |  |  | 1.05 [0.75, 1.48] | 1.06 [0.74, 1.53] |
Community socioeconomic status | |||||
 Low |  |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Medium |  |  |  | 1.41 [0.87, 2.27] | 1.40 [0.87, 2.26] |
 High |  |  |  | 1.03 [0.76, 1.41] | 1.00 [0.73, 1.37] |
Random effect result | |||||
 PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.994 [0.711, 1.390] | 0.957 [0.680, 1.346] | 0.972 [0.6885, 1.372] | 0.847 [0.589, 1.218] | 0.845 [0.584, 1.223] |
 ICC | 0.232 | 0.225 | 0.228 | 0.205 | 0.204 |
 LR Test | 94.03 (< 0.001) | 88.71 (< 0.001) | 86.54 (< 0.001) | 72.09 (< 0.001) | 68.80 (< 0.001) |
 Wald chi-square | Reference | 7.03 (0.008) | 41.03 (0.001) | 39.38 (< 0.001) | 75.27 (< 0.001) |
Model fitness | |||||
 Log-likelihood | -1716.1022 | -1712.5932 | -1694.7094 | -1696.364 | -1676.5866 |
 AIC | 3436.204 | 3431.186 | 3429.419 | 3422.728 | 3417.173 |
 N | 2839 | 2839 | 2839 | 2839 | 2839 |
 Number of clusters | 721 | 721 | 721 | 721 | 721 |