Examining health literacy and self-efficacy levels and their association with preventive behaviors of urinary tract infection in Iranian pregnant women: across sectional study

Table 3 Relationship between qualitative variables and UTI prevention behaviors, self-efficacy and health literacy

Variables (n = 238) mean ± SD		Self-efficacy	Health literacy	Preventive behaviors
Women’s Education level	Diploma/under diploma	44.97 ± 14.14	57.88 ± 11.47	69.90 ± 8.54
	Higher education	51.15 ± 14.33	54.30 ± 12.33	73.38 ± 8.27
	p-value	p=0.002	²p=0.075	¹p=0.001
Women’s Employment Status	Housewife	47.06 ± 15.51	56.11 ± 8.68	71.11 ± 8.68
	Employed	49.26 ± 14.56	57.19 ± 8.32	72.19 ± 8.32
	p-value	p=0.399	p=0.172	p=0.408
Spouse’s education level	Diploma/under diploma	44.75 ± 14.12	57.35 ± 12.85	69.74 ± 8.48
	Higher education	51.72 ± 14.16	54.91 ± 10.03	73.75 ± 8.21
	p-value	p=0.001	p=0.229	p=0.001
Spouse’s Employment Status	Employee	53.20 ± 13.58	52.35 ± 12.57	74.57 ± 7.68
	Freelance	47.76 ± 14.53	55.12 ± 12.77	71.51 ± 8.49
	worker	49.48 ± 13.89	56.02 ± 10.97	68.32 ± 8.76
	Unemployed	46.33 ± 11.99	60.9 ± 12.66	67.40 ± 7.75
	p-value	p=0.061	p=0.347	3p=0.035
Family Income	low	43.74 ± 13.98	57.08 ± 14.98	69.12 ± 8.58
	Moderate	51.19 ± 14.15	55.67 ± 15.73	73.48 ± 8.09
	p-value	p=0.001	p=0.481	p=0.001
Vomiting in pregnancy	Yes	46.55 ± 14.95	56.98 ± 15.90	70.64 ± 9.06
	No	48.33 ± 14.96	55.75 ± 14.87	72.11 ± 8.07
	p-value	p=0.189	p=0.541	p=0. 16
History of pre-pregnancy UTI	Yes	48.33 ± 14.96	55.35 ± 17.34	71.75 ± 9.63
	No	47.34 ± 13.94	56.75 ± 14.53	71.25 ± 8.16
	p-value	p=0.668	p=0.558	p=0.897

±: Showing mean score (standard deviation); n: number of eligible participants; ¹Man Whitney ²T test ³Kruskal Wallis ⁴Fisher’s exact test, P-value shows significant differences between main variables, self-efficacy, and health literacy; %: percent of total participants.

ISSN: 1472-6874