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Table 2 Bivariate chi-square analysis of home delivery and maternal factors by ANC status

From: Disparities and barriers of health facility delivery following optimal and suboptimal pregnancy care in Nigeria: evidence of home births from cross-sectional surveys

Characteristics

                 Suboptimal ANC

                   Optimal ANC

                           All ANC

p-value

Home

n(%)

Facility

n(%)

Home

n(%)

Facility

n(%)

Home

n(%)

Facility

n(%)

 

Age group

      

< 0.001a

 15–24

1446(20.3)

584(8.2)

2814(10.1)

3002(10.8)

4261(12.2)

3587(10.3)

 

 25–34

2351(32.9)

957(13.4)

5285(19.1)

8909(32.1)

7637(21.9)

9866(28.3)

 

 35–49

1338(18.7)

463(6.5)

2874(10.4)

4857(17.5)

4212(12.1)

5319(15.2)

 

Education

      

< 0.001a

 No formal education

3203(44.8)

609(8.5)

5012(18.1)

2074(7.5)

8214(23.5)

2684(7.7)

 

 Primary

1078(15.1)

471(6.6)

2674(9.6)

3248(11.7)

3753(10.8)

3719(10.7)

 

 Secondary

797(11.2)

770(10.8)

2991(10.8)

8297(29.9)

3789(10.9)

9068(26.0)

 

 Tertiary

58(0.8)

154(2.2)

296(1.1)

3149(11.3)

354(1.0)

3302(9.5)

 

Marital Status

      

< 0.001a

 Married

5037(70.5)

1942(27.2)

10651(38.4)

16162(58.2)

15688(44.9)

18103(51.9)

 

 Unmarried

99(1.4)

62(0.9)

332(1.2)

606(2.2)

422(1.2)

669(1.9)

 

Partner education

      

< 0.001a

 No formal education

2484(34.8)

436(6.1)

3541(12.8)

1450(5.2)

6026(17.3)

1886(5.4)

 

 Primary

1075(15.1)

380(5.3)

2354(8.5)

2979(10.7)

3429(9.8)

3359(9.6)

 

 Secondary

1187(16.6)

820(11.5)

3786(13.6)

7927(28.6)

4974(14.3)

8747(25.1)

 

 Tertiary

390(16.6)

368(5.2)

1292(4.7)

4412(15.9)

1681(4.8)

4780(13.7)

 

Place of residence

      

< 0.001a

 Urban

1247(17.4)

854(12.0)

3730(13.5)

10355(37.3)

4978(14.3)

11209(32.1)

 

 Rural

3889(54.5)

1150(16.1)

7243(26.1)

6413(23.1)

11132(31.9)

7563(21.9)

 

Region

      

< 0.001a

 Northcentral

753(10.5)

560(7.8)

1376(4.9)

2678(9.6)

2130(6.1)

3239(9.3)

 

 Northeast

1469(20.6)

407(5.7)

2166(7.8)

1329(4.8)

3635(10.4)

1737(4.9)

 

 Northwest

2272(31.8)

431(6.0)

4239(15.3)

1733(6.3)

6511(18.7)

2164(6.2)

 

 Southeast

184(2.6)

268(3.7)

555(2.0)

3109(11.2)

739(2.1)

3376(9.6)

 

 South-south

306(4.3)

156(2.2)

1167(4.2)

2147(7.7)

1473(4.2)

2304(6.6)

 

 Southwest

152(2.1)

181(2.5)

1470(5.3)

5772(20.8)

1622(4.2)

5953(17.1)

 

Religion

      

< 0.001a

 Christianity

1211(16.9)

1025(14.4)

3768(13.6)

10812(39.0)

4980(14.2)

11836(33.9)

 

 Islam

3868(54.2)

968(13.5)

7101(25.6)

5868(21.2)

10969(31.4)

6837(19.6)

 

 Traditional/other

57(0.8)

11(0.2)

104(0.4)

88(0.2)

161(0.5)

99(0.3)

 

Occupation

      

< 0.001a

 Unemployed

1857(26.0)

610(8.6)

3278(11.8)

3529(12.7)

5136(14.7)

4139(11.9)

 

 Employed

3729(45.9)

1394(19.5)

7695(27.8)

13239(47.7)

10974(31.5)

14633(41.9)

 

Wealth

      

< 0.001a

 Poorest

1528(21.4)

232(3.3)

2052(7.4)

596(2.1)

3580(10.3)

829(2.4)

 

 Poorer

1592(22.3)

410(5.7)

2684(9.7)

1537(5.5)

4276(12.3)

1947(5.6)

 

 Average

1140(15.9)

509(7.1)

2739(9.9)

2990(10.8)

3879(11.1)

3499(10.0)

 

 Richer

661(9.3)

513(7.2)

2198(7.9)

4758(17.2)

2859(8.2)

5271(15.1)

 

 Richest

215(3.0)

339(4.8)

1300(4.7)

6887(24.8)

1515(4.3)

7227(20.7)

 

Media exposure

      

< 0.001a

 No

1000(14.0)

3452(48.3)

5870(21.2)

5136(18.5)

9323(26.7)

6136(17.6)

 

 Yes

1004(14.1)

1684(23.6)

5103(18.4)

11632(41.9)

6787(19.5)

12636(36.2)

 

Wanted pregnancy

      

< 0.001a

 Then

4740(66.4)

1711(24.0)

9847(35.5)

14613(52.7)

14588(41.8)

16324(46.8)

 

 Later

286(4.0)

215(3.0)

792(2.9)

1411(5.1)

1078(3.1)

1626(4.7)

 

 No more

110(1.5)

78(1.1)

334(1.2)

744 (2.6)

444(1.3)

822(2.4)

 

Birth order

      

< 0.001a

 1

655(9.2)

410(5.7)

1513(5.5)

3446(12.4)

2168(6.2)

3856(11.1)

 

 2

756(10.6)

339(4.7)

1805(6.5)

3517(12.7)

2561(7.3)

3856(11.1)

 

 3

746(10.4)

324(4.5)

1611(5.8)

2984(10.7)

2357(6.8)

3308(9.5)

 

 4

636(8.9)

277(3.8)

1509(5.4)

2397(8.6)

2145(6.2)

2674(7.7)

 

 5 + 

2343(32.8)

653(9.1)

4356(16.4)

4424(15.9)

6879(19.7)

5077(14.6)

 

Covered by health insurance

      

< 0.001a

 No

5104(71.4)

1961(27.5)

10859(39.2)

16069(57.9)

15964(45.8)

18031(51.7)

 

 Yes

32(0.5)

43(0.6)

114(0.4)

699(2.5)

146(0.4)

742(2.1)

 

Medical help-permission

      

< 0.001a

 Not a big problem

4524(63.4)

1834(25.7)

9925(35.8)

15678(56.5)

1449(41.4)

17512(50.2)

 

 Big problem

612(8.5)

170(2.4)

1048(3.8)

1090(3.9)

1661(4.8)

1260(3.6)

 

Medical help-money

      

< 0.001a

 Not a big problem

2385(33.4)

1035(14.5)

5940(21.4)

10447(37.6)

8325(23.9)

11483(32.9)

 

 Big problem

2751(38.5)

969(13.6)

5033(18.2)

6328(22.8)

7875(22.3)

7289(20.9)

 

Medical help-distance

      

< 0.001a

 Not a big problem

3283(46.0)

1486(20.8)

8062(29.1)

13483(48.6)

11346(32.5)

14969(42.9)

 

 Big problem

1853(25.9)

518(7.3)

2911(10.5)

3284(11.8)

4764(13.6)

3803(10.9)

 

Health decision making

      

< 0.001a

 Partner alone

3677(51.5)

1139(16.0)

6770(24.4)

6478(23.3)

10,448(30.0)

7617(21.8)

 

 Joint decision

1155(16.2)

692(9.7)

3275(11.8)

8234(29.7)

4430(12.7)

8926(25.6)

 

 Woman alone

304(4.3)

173(2.4)

928(3.4)

2056(7.4)

1232(3.5)

2229(6.4)

 

Prenatal provider

      

< 0.001a

 Unskilled

982(13.7)

152(2.1)

1587(5.7)

464(1.7)

2569(7.4)

616(1.7)

 

 Skilled

4154(58.2)

1852(26.0)

9386(33.9)

16304(58.7)

13541(38.8)

18156(52.1)

 

SBA use

      

< 0.001a

 Unskilled

4807(67.3)

148(2.1)

9080(32.7)

459(1.7)

13888(39.8)

608(1.7)

 

 Skilled

323(4.6)

1856(26.0)

1893(6.8)

16309(58.8)

2222(6.4)

18164(52.1)

 

Time of ANC initiation

      

< 0.001a

 1st

446(6.2)

195(2.7)

2730(9.9)

5440(19.6)

3176(9.1)

5635(16.2)

 

 2nd

2706(37.9)

1176(16.5)

7445(26.8)

10522(37.9)

10152(29.1)

11699(33.5)

 

 3rd

1984(27.8)

633(8.9)

798(2.9)

806(2.9)

2782(8.0)

1438(4.1)

 

ANC place

      

< 0.001a

 Home

280(3.9)

25(0.4)

11120(4.0)

207(0.7)

1400(4.0)

232(0.7)

 

 Health Facility

4856(68.0)

1978(27.7)

9853(35.5)

16561(59.7)

14710(42.2)

18540(53.2)

 

 Total

5136(71.9)

2004(28.1)

10973(39.6)

16768(60.4)

18772(53.8)

16110(46.2)

 
  1. ANC Antenatal Care, SBA Skilled Birth Attendant
  2. a p-value generated based on Pearson chi-square statistics