Table 3 Adjusted and unadjusted odds ratio of the association between type of place of delivery and maternal characteristics by ANC status

Age group

 15-24^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 25–34

0.97(0.86–1.09)

1.21(0.89–1.63)

0.69(0.64–0.73)***

0.87(0.75–1.01)

0.69(0.66–0.74)***

0.93(0.81–1.06)

 35–49

1.08(0.93–1.24)

1.26(0.84–1.88)

0.63(0.53–0.73)***

0.68(0.56–0.82)***

0.69(0.65–0.74)***

0.75(0.64–0.89)**

Education

 No formal education^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Primary

0.45(0.38–0.52)***

0.81(0.60–1.08)

0.35(0.33–0.38)***

0.85(0.73–0.98)*

0.34(0.32–0.37)***

0.84(0.73–0.96)*

 Secondary

0.18(0.16–0.21)***

0.83(0.59–1.51)

0.16(0.14–0.16)***

0.73(0.62–0.86)***

0.14(0.13–0.15)***

0.74(0.64–0.85)***

 Tertiary

0.07(0.05–0.10)***

0.81(0.43–1.49)

0.04(0.03–0.05)***

0.42(0.32–0.53)***

0.03(0.03–0.04)***

0.45(0.35–0.56)***

Marital Status

 Married^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Unmarried^a

0.63(0.46–0.85)**

1.50(0.87–2.57)

0.81(0.71–0.93)**

0.90(070–1.16)

0.73(0.65–0.83)***

1.00(0.80–1.25)

Partner education

 No formal education^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Primary^a

0.47(0.41–0.56)***

1.24(0.90–1.69)

0.34(0.31–0.37)***

0.95(0.80–1.12)

0.33(0.30–0.36)***

0.98 (0.85–1.14)

 Secondary

0.25(0.22–0.29)***

0.84(0.62–1.13)

0.20(0.18–0.22)***

0.84(0.72–0.98)*

0.18(0.17–0.12)***

0.83(0.72–0.95)**

 Tertiary

0.18(0.14–0.21)***

0.77(0.51–1.15)

0.13(0.11–0.14)***

0.84(0.69–1.02)

0.11(0.10–0.12)***

0.82(0.69–0.98)*

Place of residence

 Urban^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Rural

2.41(2.16–2.69)***

1.00(0.77–1.30)

3.00(2.85–3.16)***

0.92(0.81–1.02)

3.19(3.05(3.34)***

0.93(0.84–1.03)

Region

 Northcentral^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Northeast

2.94(2.54–3.39)***

1.62(1.19–2.19)**

3.28(3.02–3.57)***

1.53(1.30–1.80)***

3.41(3.18–3.66)***

1.56(1.35–1.80)***

 Northwest

4.05(3.47–4.72)***

2.50(1.78–3.49)***

5.11(4.69–5.56)***

2.43(2.06–2.88)***

5.02(4.66–5.40)***

2.45(2.11–2.85)***

 Southeast

0.58(0.47–0.71)***

1.51(0.97–2.35)

0.39(0.35–0.44)***

0.62(0.50–0.75)***

0.38(0.35–0.43)***

0.70(0.59–0.84)***

 South-south

1.52(1.23–1.87)***

3.79(2.46–5.84)***

1.17(1.06–1.28)**

1.85(1.54–2.21)***

1.11(1.03–1.21)**

2.03(1.72–2.39)***

 Southwest

0.59(0.46–0.77)***

2.94(1.86–4.64)***

0.48(0.44–0.53)***

1.18(1.01–1.38)*

0.42(0.38–0.45)***

1.27(1.09–1.47)**

Religion

 Christianity^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Islam

3.05(2.74–3.40)***

1.43(1.05–1.93)*

3.04(2.89–3.20)***

0.94(0.82–1.07)

3.34(3.19–3.49)***

0.99(0.89–1.12)

 Traditional/other

3.62(2.06–6.35)***

0.66(0.25–1.70)

3.29(2.50–4.31)***

1.12(0.65–1.92)

3.68(2.91–4.67)***

0.97(0.60–1.56)

Occupation

 Unemployed^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Employed

0.79(0.71–0.89)***

0.88(0.70–1.10)

0.64(0.60–0.68)***

0.95(0.85–1.07)

0.62(0.59–0.65)***

0.93(0.84–1.03)

Wealth

 Poorest^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Poorer

0.60(0.50–0.71)***

0.92(0.68–1.24)

0.51(0.46–0.56)***

0.79(0.66–0.97)*

0.51(0.46–0.56)***

0.82(0.70–0.97)*

 Average

0.35(0.29–0.41)***

0.97(0.69–1.35)

0.26(0.24–0.29)***

0.77(0.63–0.93)**

0.25(0.23–0.27)***

0.79(0.67–0.93)**

 Richer

0.18(0.15–0.22)***

0.65(0.44–0.98)*

0.13(0.12–0.15)***

0.75(0.61–0.92)**

0.13(0.11–0.13)***

0.73(0.60–0.87)***

 Richest

0.08(0.06–0.10)***

0.64(0.38–1.06)

0.05(0.04–0.06)***

0.60(0.47–0.75)***

0.04(0.04–0.05)***

0.59(0.48–0.73)***

Media exposure

 No^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

0.46(0.41–0.51)***

0.98(0.78–1.23)

0.38(0.36–0.40)***

0.95(0.85–1.05)

0.35(0.33–0.36)***

0.94(0.86–1.04)

Wanted pregnancy

 Then^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Later

0.52(0.43–0.62)***

1.16(0.81–1.67)

0.86(0.78–0.94)**

1.17(0.99–1.39)

0.76(0.71–0.83)***

1.18(1.02–1.38)*

 No more

0.53(0.39–0.71)***

1.36(0.81–2.28)

0.72(0.63–0.82)***

1.27(1.01–1.60)*

0.65(0.57–0.73)***

1.29(1.04–1.59)*

Birth order

 1^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 2

1.49(1.24–1.78)***

1.38(0.97–1.97)

1.22(1.12–1.33)***

1.28(1.08–1.51)**

1.24(1.16–1.34)***

1.31(1.12–1.52)***

 3

1.43(1.19–1.70)***

1.39(0.95–2.04)

1.28(1.17–1.40)***

1.29(1.07–1.54)**

1.31(1.21–1.41)***

1.32(1.12–1.55)**

 4

1.56(1.29–1.87)***

1.36(0.90–2.08)

1.46(1.34–1.60)***

1.41(1.16–1.70)***

1.47(1.36–1.59)***

1.41(1.18–1.67)***

 5 + 

2.21(1.90–2.56)***

1.53(1.02–2.28)*

2.30(2.13–2.48)***

1.53(1.27–1.85)***

2.36(2.21–2.52)***

1.55(1.30–1.83)***

Covered by health insurance

 No^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

0.22(0.13–0.36)***

1.00(0.41–2.41)

0.25(0.21–0.31)***

0.79(0.57–1.10)

0.22(0.18–0.26)***

0.81(0.60–1.11)

Medical help-permission

 Not a big problem^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Big problem

1.61(1.34–1.92)***

1.84(1.20–2.59)***

1.55(1.42–1.70)***

1.19(0.99–1.42)

1.65(1.53–1.79)***

1.32(1.12–1.55)**

Medical help-money

 Not a big problem^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Big problem

1.29(1.16–1.43)***

0.84(0.67–1.06)

1.44(1.37–1.51)***

0.95(0.85–1.06)

1.53(1.46–1.60)***

0.94(0.85–1.04)

Medical help-distance

 Not a big problem^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Big problem

1.62(1.45–1.82)***

0.99(0.78–1.27)

1.61(1.51–1.70)***

1.04(0.91–1.18)

1.78(1.69–1.87)***

1.03(0.92–1.16)

Health decision maker

 Partner alone^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Joint decision

0.53(0.47–0.59)***

0.91(0.72–1.15)

0.42(0.39–0.44)***

0.87(0.77–0.96)**

0.40(0.38–0.42)***

0.86(0.78–0.95)**

 Woman alone

0.48(0.39–0.59)***

0.74(0.48–1.11)

0.44(0.40–0.48)***

1.00(0.85–1.18)

0.40(0.37–0.44)***

0.96(0.82–1.12)

Prenatal provider

 Unskilled^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Skilled

0.37(0.31–0.44)***

6.76(4.94–9.25)***

0.19(0.17–0.21)***

7.61(6.39–9.06)***

0.20(0.18–0.22)***

7.12(6.12–8.28)***

SBA use

 Unskilled^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Skilled

0.005(0.004–0.01)***

0.003(0.002–0.01)***

0.006(0.005–0.01)***

0.005(0.004–0.01)***

0.005(0.005–0.01)***

0.004(0.003–0.01)***

Timing of ANC initiation

 1^sta

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 2^nd

0.94(0.79–1.13)

0.69(0.49–0.97)*

1.31(1.24–1.38)***

1.04(0.94–1.16)

1.44(1.37–1.52)***

1.04(0.94–1.15)

 3^rd

1.20(1.01–1.44)*

0.65(0.45–0.93)*

1.78(1.60–1.99)***

1.16(0.93–1.43)

3.04(2.81–3.29)***

1.19((1.02–1.39)*

ANC place

 Home^a

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Health Facility

0.23(0.15–0.34)***

0.06(0.03–0.10)***

0.10(0.09–0.13)***

0.03(0.02–0.04)***

0.13(0.11–0.15)***

0.03(0.02–0.04)***