Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of selected studies
From: Gender-based violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic: recommendations for future
First author (year) | Country | Research Method | Types of gender-based violence | Factors affecting gender-based violence against women | Strategies to combat gender-based violence against women |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yenilmez (2020) [3] | Turkey | literature review | Sexual and physical | - Home quarantine and social distancing - Lack of responsive services - Work in the private and informal sectors - social norms - Lack of case officers - Lack of development plans - Lack of adequate shelter for victims - Inequality and economic recession - Sources of violence related to the virus - Consumption of drugs and alcohol by spouses and sexual partners - Lack of access to Internet communication networks - Not paying attention to the report of real statistics of violence against women - Age - Low level of education | - Providing guidelines and policies to combat gender-based violence - Providing welfare and support facilities and services (shelter, care, and online counseling services, women’s advocacy groups) - Training and equipping health workers - Educate people in the community about the effects of gender-based violence and help victims - Amend government laws to protect the foundation of the family and reduce the factors that aggravate domestic violence - Government financial investment to support women. |
Yenilmez (2020) [4] | Turkey | literature review | Sexual, physical, psychological | - Quarantine and social distancing - Family economic problems - Psychological stress caused by a pandemic - Lack of men`s cooperation in family affairs - Lack of access to support services | - Women’s participation in charity and earning money - Establishment of shelters and centers for women protection - Set clear rules to protect women in pandemic situations - Creating mobile-based educational and communication programs - Existence of support systems at the micro level. |
Polischuk (2020) [14] | USA | Observational | Physical, psychological, financial | -Quarantine and social distancing | - Establish laws to combat GBV - Creating communication lines and using social networks - Cooperation between governmental and non-governmental organizations - Provide instructions to divide household duties, food and social security, especially for bisexual people - Access to human and financial resources - Creating campaigns against GBV |
Magezi (2020) [15] | South Africa | literature review | Physical, psychological, economic, sexual, femicide, or suicide | - Quarantine and its stress - Negative social norms and gender inequality - Country weak economy and no income spouse -Economic dependence on the spouse - Alcohol consumption at home - Lack of access to social and psychological support from the family, friends, and the community - The existence of an before abusive relationship - Dependence on children - Threat to death of wife or children | - Providing spiritual support from the church |
Lund (2020) [7] | Brazil | literature review | Sexual, physical, psychological, economic | - Quarantine and social distancing - Lack of access to shelters - Lack of a system for registering gender-based violence cases | - Investment in online support services and public alarm systems - Providing telephone support lines - Cooperation between health organizations and non-governmental organizations which defend women - Financial and shelter support for women, especially refugees - Emergency accommodation for homeless women - Providing healthcare recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic in the local languages - Providing individual sexual, physical, and psychological care services - Training psychologists to provide basic services to victims |
Masigo (2020) [16] | South Africa | literature review | Physical, emotional, sexual violence, femicide | - Quarantine and social distancing - No income - Not dividing the household duties | - Providing social services |
Londono (2021) [17] | Columbia | Mixed-methods | - Sexual, physical, mental, death, emotional, economic, inheritance, digital - Criminal violence and drug use, - Structural violence (government and society), - Direct violence (by family) | - Inequality in family responsibilities - Unemployment and financial dependence on the spouse - Horizontal inequality - The impact of government and social laws - Lack of accurate reporting of violence against women - The perception of violence against women as hallmark by the family and society | - Reforming government and social laws for women - Family-based social support networks - Creating an appropriate reporting system - Women’s protection movements |
Speed (2020) [2] | the UK | Survey | Physical, psychological, sexual, and economic violence | - Quarantine and social distancing - Patriarchy and socialization processes - Consumption of alcohol and drugs - Inability to provide family expenses - Women`s isolation - No basic regulations - Disruption of social networks - Disruption of programs and implementation of laws and social support - Economic disorder - Failure to report cases of violence due to the lack of a transparent law - Closing refugees | - Establishment of social protection services for women who are under gender violence - Applying a comprehensive and inter-organizational approach - Performing activities to prevent gender-based violence - Prevent the entry of more refugees - Strengthening remote support infrastructure (web chat) - Government financial support for GBV organizations - Establishment of remote court services - Recording the statements of victims and witnesses electronically by the police - Community-based services - Financial support for the provision of remote and online services by sponsoring organizations and courts |
Solorzano (2020) [5] | Ecuador | literature review | Physical, sexual, verbal, psychological, femicide | - Quarantine | - |
Lund (2020) [7] | Brazil | literature review | Sexual, physical, psychological, economic | - Quarantine and social distancing - Lack of access to shelters - Lack of a system for registering gender-based violence cases | - Investment in online support services and public alarm systems - Providing telephone support lines - Cooperation between health organizations and non-governmental organizations which defend women - Financial and shelter support for women, especially refugees - Emergency accommodation for homeless women - Providing healthcare recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic in the local languages - Providing individual sexual, physical, and psychological care services - Training psychologists to provide basic services to victims |
Roy (2021) [6] | the UK | literature review | Physical, sexual, verbal, psychological, economic | - Quarantine and social distancing and the resulting stress - Economic disorder, unemployment, and poverty - No basic regulations - Insignificant social support - Not paying attention to women’s health needs - The development of societies and cultural and social prejudices - Lack of access to medical care and psychosocial support - The digital gap caused by virtual education | - Employment and income for women - The priority of governments to protect women - Providing primary care - Providing support services (telephone and internet lines, counseling, shelter and support centers for women under gender violence, social networks) - Tele-medicine - international humanitarian organizations Support - Use of previous pandemic experiences - Increasing awareness through social networks - Police cooperation through counseling |
John (2020) [18] | USA | literature review | - | - Quarantine - No access to services required by women and girls - Economic problems of families - police non-intervention and imprisonment of the aggressors - Converting women’s shelters into shelters for the homeless - Gender inequality due to social norms | - Providing online and telephone consulting services - Holding trials online - Providing tele-medicine services - Providing guidance and training by women’s advocacy organizations nationally and internationally - Integrate the provision of gender services in critical situations - Women’s participation in decisions related to women’s affairs - Recording and collecting data based on gender and age in times of crisis |
Jatmiko (2020) [19] | Indonesia | Qualitative | - Domestic violence - Online gender violence - Sexual harassment - Rape - Dating violence - Physical violence - Sexual-psychological violence - Women’s Suffering - Deprivation in the community or private life | - Quarantine and social distancing - Patriarchal culture - Illegal pornography trade in cyberspace | - |
Donato (2020) [20] | Italy | Qualitative | Physical, mental, sexual, suicide | - Quarantine | - Preparing brochures and protocols to identify and deal with cases of gender-based violence - Centers for the protection of women under sexual violence - Psychological support - Government financial support |
Afu (2020) [21] | Nigeria | Survey | Physical, sexual, psychological, Restricting women’s freedom | - alcohol consumption - Quarantine - Anti-woman social norms - Financial Problems | - Providing marriage counseling services - Providing counseling services for female adolescents in schools |