Table 1 General characteristics of participants stratified by number of parity

Age classification

< 0.001*

 35–49

319(65.6)

2279(84.1)

1744(58.4)

156(13.5)

11(2.0)

1(0.3)

 50–59

121(24.9)

380(14)

1015(34)

621(53.6)

209(37.7)

61(15.5)

 60–70

46(9.5)

50(1.8)

226(7.6)

381(32.9)

334(60.3)

332(84.3)

Education level

< 0.001* 

 Illiterate

63(13.0)

121(4.5)

470(15.8)

550(47.5)

398(72)

316(80.2)

 Primary school

218(44.9)

942(34.8)

1536(51.5)

487(42.1)

138(25)

70(17.8)

 Diploma

149(30.7)

1287(47.5)

897(30.1)

118(10.2)

17(3.1)

8(2.0)

 University

56(11.5)

357(13.2)

80(2.7)

2(0.2)

0(0.0)

0(0)

Marital Status

< 0.001**

 Married

241(49.6)

2532(93.5)

2765(92.6)

983(84.9)

445(80.3)

305(77.4)

 Unmarried

245(50.4)

177(6.5)

220(7.4)

175(15.1)

109(19.7)

89(22.6)

Quintiles of wealth index

< 0.001*

 1(poorest)

234(48.1)

570(21.0)

652(21.8)

416(35.9)

245(44.2)

163(41.4)

 2

103(21.2)

342(12.6)

484(16.2)

285(24.6)

152(27.4)

108(27.4)

 3

65(13.4)

514(19.0)

653(21.9)

223(19.3)

96(17.3)

78(19.8)

 4

43(8.8)

765(28.2)

704(23.6)

132(11.4)

28(5.1)

31(7.9)

 5 (richest)

41(8.4)

518(19.1)

492(16.5)

102(8.8)

33(6.0)

14(3.6)

Residential regions

< 0.001**

 Urban residents

312(64.2)

2080(76.8)

2093(70.1)

702(60.6)

311(56.1)

203(51.5)

 Rural residents

174(35.8)

629(23.2)

892(29.9)

456(39.4)

243(43.9)

191(48.5)

Physical activity level (METs^a)

< 0.001*

 Low

211(43.4)

911(33.6)

923(31.1)

430(37.2)

277(50)

212(53.8)

 Moderate

182(37.4)

1265(46.7)

1392(46.7)

493(42.6)

193(34.8)

130(33.0)

 High

93(19.1)

533(19.7)

667(22.4)

234(20.2)

84(15.2)

52(13.2)

Current smoking status

0.59*

 No smoker

481 (99.0)

2690(99.3)

2961(99.2)

1154(99.7)

550(99.3)

390(99.0)

 Smoker

2(0.4)

11(0.4)

17(0.4)

2(0.2)

3(0.5)

4(1)

 Smokerother type of tobacco products

3(0.6)

8(0.3)

7(0.2)

2(0.2)

1(0.2)

0(0)

 Use of oral contraceptive

42(8.6)

2029(74.9)

2507(84.0)

923(81.2)

374(67.5)

244(61.9)

< 0.001**

 Use of hormone therapy

54(11.1)

209(7.7)

163(5.5)

36(3.1)

11(2.0)

2(0.5)

< 0.001**

WC ≥ 88^c

230(47.4)

1604(59.2)

2198(73.7)

931(80.4)

454(82.1)

314(79.7)

< 0.001**

WHR ≥ 0.85^d

228(47.0)

1412(52.1)

1962(65.8)

934(80.7)

478(86.4)

350(88.8)

< 0.001**

WHtR ≥ 0.5^e

377(77.7)

2384(88.0)

2820(94.5)

1120(96.7)

541(97.8)

383(97.2)

< 0.001**

BMI (kg/m²) classification^b

< 0.001*

 Underweight < 18.5

8(1.7)

8(0.3)

6(0.2)

5(0.4)

1(0.2)

1(0.3)

 Normal weight 18.5–24.9

131(27.6)

492(18.4)

333(11.3)

122(10.7))

58(10.6)

60(15.5)

 Overweight 25–29.9

182(38.3)

1099(41.2)

1066(36.1)

383(33.5)

200(36.5)

126(32.6)

 Obese ≥ 30

154(32.4)

1069(40.1)

1548(52.4)

634(55.4)

289(52.7)

200(51.7)

mean ± SD

mean ± SD

mean ± SD

mean ± SD

mean ± SD

mean ± SD

Age (years)

46.81 ± 8.57

43.05 ± 6.33

48.31 ± 7.41

56.59 ± 6.54

61.04 ± 5.24

63.69 ± 4.07

< 0.001^***

Height (cm)

155.71 ± 6.91

157.66 ± 5.94

156.37 ± 5.73

153.98 ± 5.69

152.56 ± 5.77

152.51 ± 5.61

< 0.001***

Weight (kg)

67.78 ± 13.51

72.64 ± 12.96

74.44 ± 12.56

73.13 ± 13.49

71.68 ± 13.01

70.97 ± 13.56

< 0.001^***

Waist circumference

87.42 ± 12.35

90.83 ± 11.01

94.13 ± 10.59

96.55 ± 11.09

97.86 ± 11.37

97.47 ± 11.36

< 0.001^***

Hip circumference

103.01 ± 9.79

106.32 ± 9.40

107.13 ± 9.22

106.12 ± 10.65

104.91 ± 10.30

104.20 ± 10.66

< 0.001^***

BMI (kg/m²)^b

27.91 ± 5.53

29.21 ± 5.02

30.41 ± 4.79

30.80 ± 5.22

30.71 ± 5.31

30.49 ± 5.43

< 0.001^***

WHR^d

0.84 ± 0.08

0.85 ± 0.07

0.87 ± 0.07

0.91 ± 0.07

0.93 ± 0.07

0.93 ± 0.07

< 0.001^***

WHtR^e

0.56 ± 0.08

0.57 ± 0.07

0.60 ± 0.06

0.62 ± 0.07

0.64 ± 0.07

0.63 ± 0.07

< 0.001^***