Table 2 A matrix of reported scaling up strategies

Human resource

[27, 30, 35, 36, 41, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 53]

Training/continuing education of Health care providers

Training for clinicians, support staff, and administrative staff through various modalities (e.g., small-group in-person training, one-on-one proctoring, virtual Webinar series) on topics including family planning; medical management of contraception; hands-on clinical skills (e.g., Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC) insertion and removal); billing, coding, and reimbursement; and preventing coercion and bias

Ongoing technical assistance

Ongoing, targeted technical assistance to clinicians, support staff, and administrative staff through various modalities (e.g., coaching calls, in-clinic training specialists) on topics including hands-on clinical skills; purchasing, stocking, and billing for contraceptives; patient education materials; contraceptive access policies/procedures; contraceptive workflow; and data collection and reporting

Financing

[36, 41, 46]

Provision of low- or no-cost contraception

Direct funding or stocking for participating health centers across delivery settings to offer contraceptive methods and services to eligible individuals at low or no cost

Grants for equipment/supplies

Direct funding to health care facilities to purchase contraceptive supplies and equipment, other clinic supplies, and supplies for personnel

Providing reimbursement to facilities for administrative cost, technical, and logistic control

Health care facility level

[27, 35, 49,50,51, 53]

Package Service

Offering modern contraception as part of postnatal care (PNC) or post-abortion care (PAC) services

Integration of PAC into existing health systems as a part of their regular service delivery

FP and Immunization integration, intra-facility referrals between FP and vaccination

Improving access to technologies and equipment as manual vacuum aspiration (MVA), medications, pain Control and contraceptive methods

Strengthening each hospital’s infrastructure for post-abortion care

Instituting an abortion surveillance system and using it to increase provision of post-abortion care

Quality improvement

Continuous quality improvement to identify barriers and potential strategies to address those barriers; ongoing measurement of aggregate, de-identified data on use of various contraceptives; provision of contraception services or person-centered counseling; and knowledge, skills, attitudes, or beliefs about contraception among providers

Recipients of care

[27, 35, 36, 45,46,47, 50, 51, 54, 55]

Awareness campaign

Digital media and marketing campaigns to increase awareness about the availability of reproductive health services and provide information and resources on reproductive health topics

Stakeholder engagement

Engagement in multi-stakeholder partnerships with public and private entities for effective implementation

Developing and distributing informational materials (Information education and communication (IEC) materials on PPFP, including leaflets and a video that played in the waiting room)

Counseling sessions with postpartum women and group meetings with mothers-in-law, postpartum women, and men

Fictional stories presented in leaflet and oral form within home visits and group discussion sessions

Involving women in the promotions to improve understanding the importance of PPFP & postpartum intrauterine device (PPIUD)

Reminder cards are given to women at each follow-up visit to remind them of the next visits. Cards would also contain a message to stress the health benefits of follow-up visits

Counseling with more time allocated to specific topics

Prenatal one to one counselling on postpartum contraception

Policy and regulation

[27, 49]

Policy change

Overall public and private insurance coverage for contraception, such as LARC coverage and reimbursement and multiple months of dispensing; expanded ability of providers to prescribe and dispense contraception; ensured payment parity for providers; over-the-counter contraception without a prescription