Table 5 Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) of predictors of the contraceptive method use in selected South Asian countries

Household living arrangements of Women

 Living with husband and or unmarried child^a

 Living with husband and other family member except MIL

0.79*** [0.70, 0.89]

0.83** [0.75, 0.93]

0.70*** [0.65, 0.76]

0.92*** [0.90, 0.93]

0.94 [0.82, 1.07]

0.95 [0.81, 1.12]

0.81** [0.69, 0.94]

0.87*** [0.85, 0.88]

0.85 [0.73, 1.00]

0.84 [0.73, 0.96]

0.82*** [0.73, 0.92]

0.92*** [0.90, 0.94]

 Living with husband and other family member including MIL

1.63*** [1.32, 2.02]

1.05 [0.90, 1.23]

1.17** [1.05, 1.31]

1 [0.97, 1.03]

1.33 [1.03, 1.72]

0.9 [0.69, 1.17]

0.99 [0.79, 1.25]

1.12*** [1.09, 1.16]

1.33 [0.99, 1.79]

0.83 [0.67, 1.03]

1.08 [0.90, 1.28]

1.07*** [1.03, 1.11]

 Living with husband and/or unmarried child(ren) and MIL

2.35*** [1.53, 3.60]

1.49 [1.04, 2.13]

1.13 [0.89, 1.43]

1.12*** [1.05, 1.18]

1.6 [0.92, 2.78]

0.92 [0.44, 1.93]

0.7 [0.38, 1.29]

1.20*** [1.13, 1.27]

1.63 [0.88, 3.03]

0.83 [0.47, 1.49]

0.93 [0.62, 1.41]

1.13*** [1.06, 1.21]

Age of women

 15–19

1.75*** [1.26, 2.43]

2.86*** [1.94, 4.21]

9.16*** [7.62, 11.02]

1.93*** [1.82, 2.05]

0 [0.00, .]

0 [0.00, .]

0.42 [0.10, 1.72]

0.03*** [0.02, 0.05]

0.77 [0.51, 1.17]

1.27 [0.75, 2.15]

0.93 [0.69, 1.26]

0.99 [0.92, 1.06]

 20–24

1.93*** [1.49, 2.51]

4.10*** [3.19, 5.28]

8.12*** [6.90, 9.55]

2.50*** [2.40, 2.60]

0.13*** [0.09, 0.19]

0.10*** [0.03, 0.32]

0.41*** [0.25, 0.69]

0.33*** [0.31, 0.34]

0.52*** [0.37, 0.72]

1.56** [1.16, 2.11]

0.78 [0.61, 0.98]

1.13*** [1.08, 1.18]

 25–29

2.02*** [1.59, 2.56]

4.38*** [3.50, 5.49]

7.39*** [6.33, 8.62]

3.07*** [2.96, 3.18]

0.29*** [0.23, 0.37]

0.66** [0.49, 0.90]

1.18 [0.90, 1.54]

0.71*** [0.69, 0.73]

0.54*** [0.40, 0.73]

1.68*** [1.31, 2.17]

0.97 [0.79, 1.19]

1.47*** [1.42, 1.53]

 30–34

2.20*** [1.73, 2.79]

4.53*** [3.64, 5.64]

7.67*** [6.58, 8.92]

3.66*** [3.53, 3.80]

0.60*** [0.48, 0.74]

1.11 [0.88, 1.41]

2.37*** [1.90, 2.95]

1.12*** [1.09, 1.15]

0.96 [0.72, 1.28]

2.17*** [1.72, 2.75]

1.26 [1.04, 1.52]

1.92*** [1.84, 1.99]

 35–39

2.38*** [1.86, 3.04]

3.68*** [2.96, 4.57]

7.05*** [6.03, 8.24]

3.53*** [3.40, 3.67]

1.09 [0.89, 1.33]

1.49*** [1.20, 1.84]

2.92*** [2.36, 3.62]

1.41*** [1.37, 1.45]

1.21 [0.90, 1.62]

1.90*** [1.51, 2.39]

2.32*** [1.94, 2.77]

2.16*** [2.07, 2.24]

 40–44

2.02*** [1.56, 2.62]

2.39*** [1.89, 3.02]

3.38*** [2.88, 3.97]

2.12*** [2.04, 2.21]

1.21 [0.98, 1.48]

1.49*** [1.20, 1.85]

2.04*** [1.65, 2.53]

1.27*** [1.24, 1.31]

1.33 [0.98, 1.81]

1.59*** [1.25, 2.02]

2.18*** [1.83, 2.60]

1.81*** [1.74, 1.89]

 45–49^a

Years of schooling

 No education^a

 < 10 years of schooling

1.01 [0.88, 1.16]

1.28*** [1.12, 1.47]

1.12 [1.01, 1.25]

1.36*** [1.33, 1.40]

0.62*** [0.53, 0.73]

1.13 [0.93, 1.37]

0.77** [0.65, 0.90]

0.82*** [0.80, 0.84]

1.23 [1.01, 1.50]

1.16 [0.97, 1.38]

1.02 [0.88, 1.17]

1.21*** [1.17, 1.24]

 ≥ 10 years of schooling

1.21 [1.01, 1.45]

1.66*** [1.43, 1.92]

1.24** [1.09, 1.42]

1.40*** [1.36, 1.44]

0.43*** [0.33, 0.55]

0.92 [0.72, 1.17]

0.59*** [0.44, 0.78]

0.55*** [0.54, 0.57]

2.28*** [1.79, 2.90]

1.45*** [1.20, 1.75]

1.41*** [1.16, 1.72]

1.16*** [1.12, 1.19]

Desire for more children

 No^a

 Yes

0.48*** [0.40, 0.56]

0.32*** [0.28, 0.36]

0.48*** [0.43, 0.52]

0.65*** [0.64, 0.67]

0 [0.00, .]

0 [0.00, .]

0 [0.00, .]

0 [0.00, .]

0.76 [0.60, 0.95]

0.35*** [0.30, 0.42]

0.45*** [0.38, 0.54]

0.63*** [0.61, 0.65]

 Undecided

0.52*** [0.36, 0.75]

0.34*** [0.29, 0.41]

0.38*** [0.31, 0.48]

0.67*** [0.64, 0.69]

0 [0.00, .]

0 [0.00, .]

0 [0.00, .]

0 [0.00, .]

0.68 [0.41, 1.11]

0.31*** [0.24, 0.40]

0.57** [0.39, 0.84]

0.61*** [0.58, 0.63]

Gender of living children

 Only have daughters^a

 At least have one son

2.06*** [1.78, 2.38]

3.27*** [2.81, 3.80]

2.06*** [1.90, 2.23]

2.09*** [2.05, 2.14]

5.72*** [4.17, 7.85]

6.79*** [3.77, 12.23]

1.89*** [1.52, 2.34]

3.63*** [3.54, 3.72]

1.75*** [1.44, 2.14]

3.66*** [2.95, 4.54]

1.51*** [1.32, 1.74]

1.98*** [1.93, 2.03]

Mass Media Exposure

 No^a

 Yes

1.26** [1.09, 1.47]

1.34*** [1.18, 1.52]

1.16*** [1.06, 1.26]

1.23*** [1.21, 1.26]

1.56*** [1.32, 1.85]

1.41*** [1.16, 1.70]

1.51*** [1.28, 1.78]

1.41*** [1.38, 1.44]

1.56*** [1.22, 1.99]

1.28** [1.08, 1.51]

0.94 [0.83, 1.07]

1.18*** [1.15, 1.21]

Religion

 Hindu^a

 Muslim

0.61*** [0.45, 0.81]

0.62*** [0.55, 0.70]

1.11*** [1.08, 1.14]

0.17*** [0.12, 0.24]

0.58*** [0.47, 0.72]

0.34*** [0.33, 0.35]

0.46*** [0.29, 0.72]

0.62*** [0.52, 0.74]

0.91*** [0.89, 0.94]

 Others

1.08 [0.90, 1.30]

1.12 [0.72, 1.76]

0.95*** [0.92, 0.97]

0.59*** [0.45, 0.76]

0.36 [0.11, 1.21]

0.35*** [0.34, 0.36]

0.77 [0.58, 1.01]

1 [0.52, 1.90]

0.87*** [0.84, 0.90]

Wealth Quintile

 Poorest^a

 Poorer

1.18 [1.00, 1.39]

1.51*** [1.27, 1.79]

0.94 [0.84, 1.05]

1.14*** [1.11, 1.17]

2.07*** [1.69, 2.54]

1.34 [1.03, 1.74]

0.84 [0.68, 1.03]

1.29*** [1.26, 1.32]

1.32 [1.03, 1.70]

1.92*** [1.47, 2.51]

1.14 [0.96, 1.36]

1.05** [1.02, 1.08]

 Middle

1.13 [0.95, 1.35]

1.89*** [1.57, 2.28]

0.82** [0.73, 0.92]

1.09*** [1.06, 1.12]

2.39*** [1.93, 2.96]

1.61*** [1.21, 2.13]

0.68*** [0.54, 0.86]

1.57*** [1.53, 1.62]

1.16 [0.89, 1.52]

2.94*** [2.23, 3.88]

0.87 [0.72, 1.05]

0.96 [0.93, 0.99]

 Richer

1.01 [0.84, 1.21]

1.88*** [1.53, 2.30]

0.84** [0.75, 0.96]

1.17*** [1.13, 1.20]

2.16*** [1.73, 2.70]

1.77*** [1.31, 2.40]

0.65*** [0.51, 0.83]

1.64*** [1.59, 1.69]

1.29 [0.99, 1.69]

3.40*** [2.54, 4.55]

1 [0.82, 1.21]

0.93*** [0.89, 0.96]

 Richest

1.18 [0.96, 1.45]

2.16*** [1.73, 2.69]

0.80** [0.69, 0.92]

1.69*** [1.63, 1.75]

2.56*** [1.99, 3.28]

1.78*** [1.28, 2.48]

0.62*** [0.47, 0.81]

1.38*** [1.33, 1.43]

2.21*** [1.67, 2.92]

4.02*** [2.94, 5.49]

0.99 [0.80, 1.23]

1.08*** [1.04, 1.13]

Place of residence

 Urban^a

 Rural

0.92 [0.82, 1.04]

0.93 [0.83, 1.04]

0.72*** [0.66, 0.78]

0.95*** [0.93, 0.97]

0.83** [0.72, 0.95]

1.1 [0.93, 1.31]

0.76*** [0.65, 0.89]

1.17*** [1.15, 1.20]

1.13 [0.96, 1.34]

0.73*** [0.63, 0.84]

0.73*** [0.65, 0.83]

0.93*** [0.90, 0.95]

Modern Spacing Method AOR (95% CI)

Modern limiting Method AOR (95% CI)

Any traditional Method AOR (95% CI)

Region (India)

 North^a

 Central

1.42*** [1.37, 1.47]

1.05 [1.01, 1.08]

1.25*** [1.19, 1.31]

 East

0.97 [0.92, 1.02]

0.51*** [0.49, 0.54]

0.69*** [0.64, 0.74]

 Northeast

0.96** [0.93, 0.99]

0.89*** [0.86, 0.91]

1.30*** [1.25, 1.34]

 West

1.10*** [1.07, 1.13]

0.48*** [0.47, 0.50]

1.45*** [1.40, 1.50]

 South

1.04** [1.01, 1.07]

0.67*** [0.65, 0.69]

0.78*** [0.75, 0.81]

Region (Nepal)

 Province 1^a

 Province 2

0.37*** [0.30, 0.46]

2.46*** [1.94, 3.13]

0.39*** [0.30, 0.52]

 Province 3

1.2 [0.99, 1.47]

1.47** [1.13, 1.91]

0.68** [0.53, 0.89]

 Province 4

0.60*** [0.49, 0.74]

1.04 [0.81, 1.35]

0.59*** [0.46, 0.76]

 Province 5

0.77** [0.64, 0.93]

0.97 [0.76, 1.24]

0.52*** [0.41, 0.66]

 Province 6

0.92 [0.76, 1.13]

1.58*** [1.22, 2.05]

0.50*** [0.38, 0.67]

 Province 7

0.94 [0.77, 1.14]

1.38 [1.08, 1.78]

0.67** [0.52, 0.87]

Region (Pakistan)

 Punjab^a

 Sindh

0.94 [0.80,1.10]

1.27 [1.03,1.56]

0.63*** [0.51,0.77]

 KPK

1.30*** [1.12,1.52]

0.40*** [0.30,0.52]

0.9 [0.74,1.09]

 Balochistan

0.70*** [0.58,0.86]

0.35*** [0.24,0.49]

0.46*** [0.35,0.61]

 IT

1.16 [0.96,1.41]

0.78 [0.60,1.03]

0.73** [0.57,0.93]

 FATA

1.09 [0.86,1.39]

0.19*** [0.10,0.35]

1.48** [1.12,1.96]

Region (Bangladesh)

 Barisal^a

 Chittagong

0.66*** [0.57, 0.75]

1.09 [0.79, 1.50]

0.70*** [0.56, 0.86]

 Dhaka

0.95 [0.82, 1.09]

1.79*** [1.31, 2.45]

0.92 [0.74, 1.14]

 Khulna

1 [0.87, 1.15]

1.68** [1.23, 2.30]

1.22 [0.99, 1.50]

 Mymensingh

1.13 [0.98, 1.31]

1.4 [1.00, 1.96]

0.84 [0.66, 1.06]

 Rajshahi

1.1 [0.96, 1.27]

2.09*** [1.54, 2.84]

1.01 [0.81, 1.25]

 Rangpur

1.19 [1.03, 1.37]

2.54*** [1.87, 3.44]

1.26 [1.02, 1.56]

 Sylhet

0.62*** [0.54, 0.72]

1.45 [1.05, 2.01]

0.81 [0.65, 1.02]