Table 3 Hazard ratios of gastrointestinal cancer in participants with/without hysterectomy from the Korea National Health Insurance Database, 2007–2020

Esophageal cancer

 Reference (no hysterectomy)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Hysterectomy alone

1.031 (0.337–3.156)

0.957

0.558 (0.104–3.001)

0.497

 Hysterectomy + adnexal surgery

0.726 (0.091–5.803)

0.763

0.355 (0.032–3.975)

0.401

Stomach cancer

 Reference (no hysterectomy)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Hysterectomy alone

0.842 (0.679–1.045)

0.118

0.959 (0.689–1.334)

0.805

 Hysterectomy + adnexal surgery

0.781 (0.543–1.124)

0.183

0.854 (0.55–1.324)

0.48

Small bowel cancer

 Reference (no hysterectomy)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Hysterectomy alone

1.069 (0.479–2.382)

0.871

0.724 (0.2–2.62)

0.622

 Hysterectomy + adnexal surgery

1 (0-Infinite)

0.984

1 (0-Infinite)

0.99

Colon cancer

 Reference (no hysterectomy)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Hysterectomy alone

1.249 (0.996–1.566)

0.055

1.523 (1.068–2.17)

0.02

 Hysterectomy + adnexal surgery

0.999 (0.678–1.471)

0.994

1.138 (0.712–1.82)

0.589

Sigmoid cancer

 Reference (no hysterectomy)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Hysterectomy alone

1.71 (1.073–2.724)

0.024

1.647 (0.808–3.359)

0.17

 Hysterectomy + adnexal surgery

1.168 (0.519–2.63)

0.708

1.045 (0.397–2.755)

0.929

Rectal cancer

 Reference (no hysterectomy)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Hysterectomy alone

1.113 (0.808–1.531)

0.513

1.128 (0.7–1.818)

0.62

 Hysterectomy + adnexal surgery

1.924 (1.282–2.888)

0.002

1.933 (1.131–3.302)

0.016

Colorectal cancer

 Reference (no hysterectomy)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Hysterectomy alone

1.222 (1.016–1.47)

0.033

1.406 (1.057–1.871)

0.019

 Hysterectomy + adnexal surgery

1.206 (0.902–1.613)

0.206

1.315 (0.917–1.884)

0.136

Gastrointestinal cancer

 Reference (no hysterectomy)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Hysterectomy alone

1.029 (0.897–1.181)

0.68

1.169 (0.946–1.446)

0.149

 Hysterectomy + adnexal surgery

0.963 (0.768–1.206)

0.741

1.042 (0.791–1.372)

0.772