Table 1 General characteristics of study participants
Characteristics | Total | Low SMM (n = 287) | Normal SMM (n = 2738) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 56.27 ± 9.86 | 62.59 ± 9.54 | 55.60 ± 9.66 | < 0.001 |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Married | 2741 (90.6) | 238 (82.9) | 2503 (91.4) | < 0.001 |
Widowed | 274 (9.1) | 48 (16.7) | 226 (8.3) | |
Divorce and unmarried | 10 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 9 (0.3) | |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Primary school and below | 2228 (73.7) | 241 (84.0) | 1987 (72.6) | < 0.001 |
Junior high school | 714 (23.6) | 40 (13.9) | 674 (24.6) | |
High school and above | 83 (2.7) | 6 (2.1) | 77 (2.8) | |
Weight (kg) | 60.94 ± 9.19 | 48.88 ± 5.87 | 62.20 ± 8.53 | < 0.001 |
Height (cm) | 155.95 ± 5.96 | 151.27 ± 5.69 | 156.44 ± 5.77 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.05 ± 3.45 | 21.42 ± 2.80 | 25.43 ± 3.28 | < 0.001 |
WC (cm) | 86.39 ± 9.10 | 77.46 ± 7.52 | 87.33 ± 8.74 | < 0.001 |
ASMI (kg/m2) | 6.58 ± 0.69 | 5.37 ± 0.30 | 6.71 ± 0.59 | < 0.001 |
FM (kg) | 21.80 ± 6.45 | 16.76 ± 5.43 | 22.33 ± 6.32 | < 0.001 |
Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.93 (4.30, 5.59) | 4.95 (4.27, 5.63) | 4.93 (4.30, 5.58) | 0.925 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.37 (1.18, 1.58) | 1.39 (1.21, 1.63) | 1.37 (1.18, 1.58) | 0.211 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.86 (2.35, 3.34) | 2.77 (2.27, 3.37) | 2.87 (2.35, 3.34) | 0.446 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.48 (1.05, 2.11) | 1.43 (0.99, 1.91) | 1.49 (1.06, 2.13) | 0.005 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.44 (4.98, 6.29) | 5.48 (4.96, 6.73) | 5.44 (4.98, 6.27) | 0.315 |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 1034 (34.2) | 94 (32.8) | 940 (34.3) | 0.592 |
Estradiol Level (pg/mL) | 14.81 (5.00, 33.94) | 10.75 (5.00, 17.58) | 15.38 (5.00, 36.21) | < 0.001 |
Vitamin D concentration (ng/ml) | 12.07 (8.91, 15.74) | 10.70 (8.14, 14.61) | 12.20 (8.98, 15.81) | < 0.001 |
VD deficiency (%) | 2724 (90.0) | 263 (91.6) | 2461 (89.9) | 0.345 |
Menopausal Status (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Pre-menopausal | 408 (13.5) | 15 (5.2) | 393 (14.3) | < 0.001 |
Perimenopausal | 1104 (36.5) | 61 (21.3) | 1043 (38.1) | |
Postmenopausal | 1513 (50.0) | 211 (73.5) | 1302 (47.6) | |
Smoking (%) | 36 (1.2) | 5 (1.7) | 31 (1.1) | 0.365 |
Alcohol intake (%) | 417 (13.8) | 34 (11.8) | 383 (14.0) | 0.317 |
Physical activity (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low | 946 (31.3) | 85 (29.6) | 861 (31.5) | 0.817 |
Medium | 1563 (51.6) | 152 (53.0) | 1411 (51.5) | |
High | 516 (17.1) | 50 (17.4) | 466 (17.0) | |
Dietary energy (Kcal) | 1645.63 (1113.80, 2190.93) | 1456.63 (809.05, 2056.00) | 1660.25 (1132.69, 2202.77) | 0.002 |
Dietary protein (g) | 59.66 (33.43, 85.88) | 50.34 (22.41, 79.22) | 60.92 (35.21, 86.58) | < 0.001 |
Dietary fat (g) | 77.70 (50.73, 108.85) | 70.63 (42.72, 102.84) | 78.96 (52.06, 109.36) | 0.001 |
Dietary carbohydrate (g) | 206.27 (130.79, 331.39) | 177.01 (100.79, 283.36) | 209.21 (131.19, 334.93) | < 0.001 |