Table 2 Socio-demographic characteristics and prevalence of MHS amongst women in Papua New Guinea
From: Factors influencing maternal healthcare utilization in Papua New Guinea: Andersen’s behaviour model
Variable | Frequency (N) | Percentage(%) | ANC (52.3%) | SBA (58.7%) | PNC (26.6%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence(%) | χ2 -value | p-value | Prevalence(%) | χ2 -value | p-value | Prevalence(%) | χ2 -value | p-value | |||
Predisposing factors | |||||||||||
Age | 3.482 | 0.175 | 16.396 | < 0.001 | 2.776 | 0.250 | |||||
15–19 | 176 | 3.4 | 55.2 | 60.9 | 31.3 | ||||||
20–34 | 3634 | 69.2 | 53.0 | 60.3 | 26.1 | ||||||
35–49 | 1438 | 27.4 | 50.4 | 54.2 | 27.1 | ||||||
Marital status | 0.270 | 0.603 | 0.900 | 0.343 | 3.411 | 0.065 | |||||
Cohabiting | 901 | 17.2 | 51.6 | 57.3 | 24.2 | ||||||
Married | 4347 | 82.8 | 52.5 | 59.0 | 27.1 | ||||||
Working | 57.884 | < 0.001 | 60.358 | < 0.001 | 4.502 | 0.034 | |||||
Not working | 3483 | 66.4 | 48.9 | 55.2 | 25.7 | ||||||
Working | 1765 | 33.6 | 60.0 | 66.4 | 28.5 | ||||||
Education | 427.682 | < 0.001 | 870.936 | < 0.001 | 93.464 | < 0.001 | |||||
No education | 1105 | 21.1 | 31.1 | 31.8 | 18.2 | ||||||
Primary | 2600 | 49.5 | 54.3 | 58.1 | 26.9 | ||||||
Secondary | 1330 | 25.3 | 70.8 | 84.4 | 33.9 | ||||||
Higher | 213 | 4.1 | 65.5 | 98.2 | 36.7 | ||||||
Religion | 16.220 | < 0.001 | 13.690 | 0.001 | 13.695 | 0.001 | |||||
No religion | 23 | 0.4 | 21.9 | 36.4 | 6.3 | ||||||
Christianity | 5198 | 99.0 | 52.6 | 58.9 | 26.8 | ||||||
Non-Christianity | 27 | 0.5 | 34.4 | 36.4 | 6.3 | ||||||
Enabling factors | |||||||||||
Media exposure | 306.763 | < 0.001 | 561.678 | < 0.001 | 90.563 | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 2622 | 50.0 | 41.1 | 43.7 | 21.2 | ||||||
Yes | 2626 | 50.0 | 65.0 | 75.5 | 32.6 | ||||||
Getting money needed for treatment | 175.830 | < 0.001 | 353.069 | < 0.001 | 24.360 | < 0.001 | |||||
Big problem | 3222 | 61.4 | 45.5 | 49.1 | 24.3 | ||||||
Not a big problem | 2026 | 38.6 | 64.3 | 75.4 | 30.5 | ||||||
Distance to health facility | 268.352 | < 0.001 | 518.211 | < 0.001 | 50.176 | < 0.001 | |||||
Big problem | 2845 | 54.2 | 43.1 | 45.9 | 23.0 | ||||||
Not a big problem | 2403 | 45.8 | 65.8 | 77.0 | 31.7 | ||||||
Decision maker on healthcare | 18.089 | < 0.001 | 22.133 | < 0.001 | 0.056 | 0.812 | |||||
Not alone | 3787 | 72.2 | 50.5 | 56.6 | 26.7 | ||||||
Alone | 1461 | 27.8 | 56.8 | 63.6 | 26.3 | ||||||
Household wealth | 337.467 | < 0.001 | 1051.716 | < 0.001 | 100.434 | < 0.001 | |||||
Poorest | 875 | 16.7 | 32.5 | 32.0 | 17.9 | ||||||
Poorer | 884 | 16.8 | 47.0 | 40.9 | 22.1 | ||||||
Middle | 993 | 18.9 | 54.5 | 58.1 | 28.7 | ||||||
Richer | 1249 | 23.8 | 60.3 | 72.5 | 29.6 | ||||||
Richest | 1247 | 23.8 | 69.3 | 92.8 | 35.1 | ||||||
Health insurance | 41.417 | < 0.001 | 84.370 | < 0.001 | 5.555 | 0.018 | |||||
No | 5055 | 96.3 | 51.6 | 57.6 | 26.3 | ||||||
Yes | 193 | 3.7 | 77.0 | 93.3 | 34.5 | ||||||
Region | 197.642 | < 0.001 | 228.819 | < 0.001 | 82.969 | < 0.001 | |||||
Southern region | 1518 | 28.9 | 62.4 | 67.8 | 32.9 | ||||||
Highlands region | 1375 | 26.2 | 48.8 | 55.8 | 20.4 | ||||||
Momase region | 1153 | 22.0 | 42.1 | 47.3 | 27.0 | ||||||
Islands region | 1202 | 22.9 | 68.9 | 77.2 | 34.1 | ||||||
Residence | 66.628 | < 0.001 | 224.019 | < 0.001 | 45.757 | < 0.001 | |||||
Rural | 4060 | 77.4 | 50.4 | 55.2 | 25.1 | ||||||
Urban | 1188 | 22.6 | 68.3 | 87.5 | 38.3 | ||||||
Need factors | |||||||||||
Parity | 61.841 | < 0.001 | 166.144 | < 0.001 | 7.092 | 0.029 | |||||
1 | 1071 | 20.4 | 60.9 | 70.7 | 29.6 | ||||||
2 | 1103 | 21.0 | 55.7 | 66.9 | 25.5 | ||||||
≥ 3 | 3074 | 58.6 | 48.1 | 51.5 | 25.8 | ||||||
Pregnancy terminations | 9.694 | 0.002 | 14.445 | < 0.001 | 3.977 | 0.046 | |||||
No | 4965 | 94.6 | 51.8 | 58.1 | 26.3 | ||||||
Yes | 283 | 5.4 | 61.3 | 69.5 | 31.7 | ||||||