Table 2 Relative risk ratio (RRR) showing the effect of background characteristics on unhygienic and both method of MHP: results from multinomial logistic regression analysis, NFHS-5

Age group

 15–19 years ®

 20–24 years

1.189***

1.155

1.224

1.202***

1.173

1.233

Marital status

 Never in union ®

 Currently married/Living with partner

1.185***

1.150

1.221

0.98

0.955

1.006

 Widowed/Divorced/Separated

1.710***

1.484

1.971

1.174*

1.019

1.354

Place of Residence

 Urban ®

 Rural

1.637***

1.580

1.696

1.424***

1.386

1.463

Region

 North ®

 Central

3.145***

3.029

3.265

2.417***

2.345

2.492

 East

1.226***

1.177

1.277

1.073***

1.037

1.111

 Northeast

1.451***

1.382

1.524

1.334***

1.280

1.391

 West

1.888***

1.803

1.978

0.735***

0.704

0.767

 South

0.626***

0.594

0.659

0.639***

0.616

0.664

Caste

 SC ®

 ST

1.095***

1.053

1.139

0.923***

0.890

0.957

 OBC

1.100***

1.065

1.135

1.068***

1.039

1.098

 Others

0.920***

0.885

0.957

0.901***

0.872

0.931

Religion

 Hindu ®

 Muslim

1.843***

1.778

1.910

1.613***

1.564

1.664

 Christian

0.799***

0.753

0.848

0.919**

0.873

0.967

 Others

0.627***

0.585

0.671

0.805***

0.764

0.848

Education

 No education ®

 Primary

0.734***

0.690

0.781

0.945

0.884

1.010

 Secondary

0.303***

0.289

0.317

0.679***

0.645

0.715

 Higher

0.140***

0.132

0.149

0.510***

0.481

0.541

Wealth Index

 Poorest ®

 Poorer

0.535***

0.518

0.553

0.830***

0.804

0.858

 Middle

0.319***

0.307

0.331

0.635***

0.613

0.657

 Richer

0.201***

0.193

0.211

0.506***

0.486

0.526

 Richest

0.102***

0.096

0.108

0.337***

0.322

0.352

Toilet facility

 Improved toilet facility ®

 Unimproved toilet facility

1.349***

1.275

1.427

1.079**

1.022

1.139

 No facility/open defecation

1.300***

1.259

1.342

1.043**

1.011

1.076

Mass media exposure

 No ®

 Low

0.695***

0.673

0.717

0.928***

0.906

0.951

 High

0.810***

0.747

0.878

1.084**

1.024

1.147