Table 4 Multi-level mixed effect logistic regression on modern contraceptive utilization among married women in Ethiopia, 2019 EDHS dataset

Age

 15–24 years

1

1

1

 25–34 years

0.99 (0.656, 1.489)

0.91 (0.617, 1.33)

 35–49 years

0.78(0.500, 1.22)

0.54 (0.415, 0.981)

Religion

 Orthodox

1

1

1

 Muslim

0.14(0.084, 0.231)

0.31 (0.134, 0.714)

 Protestant

0.29(0.156, 0.554)

0.35(0.173, 0 .696)

 Other*

0.22(0.052, 0.935)

0.26(0.056, 1.219)

Educational status

 Not educated

0.44(0.281, 0.675)

0.46 (0.293, 0.710)

 Primary

1.08(0.742, 1.585)

0.84 (0.541, 1.303)

 Secondary and above

1

1

1

Wealth status

 Poor

0.29(0.182, 0.456)

0.35 (0.237, 0.527)

 Middle

0.89(0.538, 1.464)

0.56 (0.347, 0.919)

 Rich

1

1

1

Ever give birth

 Yes

0.30(0.078, 1.168)

0.40 (0.095, 1.692)

 No

1

1

1

Number of living children

 0

1

1

1

 1–5

15.80(2.78, 89.80)

11.36 (2.119, 60.918)

  ≥ 6

8.85(1.52 51.48)

7.44 (1.437, 38.547)

Place of residence

 Urban

0.92(0.463, 1.825)

0.60 (0.286, 1.271)

 Rural

1

1

Region

 Benshangul Gumz

1

1

 Somali

0.11(0.039, 0.295)

0.20 (0.070, 0 .506)

 Afar

0.43(0.212, 0.874)

0.60 (0.297 1.213)

 Gambela

0.80(0.450, 1.417)

0.71 (0.389, 1.279)

Community education status

 Lower

1

1

 Higher

0.89(0.449, 1.786)

0.52 (0.219, 1.221)

Community wealth status

 Lower

0.23(0.103, 0.519)

0.40 (0.183, 0.875)

 Higher

1

1

Random effects

 Variance

0.85

0.53

0.23

0.11

 The intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC) in %

20.53

13.87

6.53

3.33

 Median odds ratio (MOR)

2.40

2.00

1.58

1.37

 Explained variance (PCV %)

Reference

38

52

57

Model fitness

Log-likelihood

− 153.69922

− 117.66345

− 120.1637

− 107.90524