Table 1 Sample characteristics of miscarriage in reproductive-aged women for their last pregnancy in the first (≤12 weeks) and second & above (> 12 weeks) trimesters by selected socio-demographic characteristics in India, NFHS, 2019-21

Age group

<20 years

7,970 (3.7)

3,52 (82.8)

73 (17.2)

20–29 years

13,6512 (62.8)

4,560 (82.3)

9,83 (17.7)

≥30 years

72,968 (33.6)

3,384 (81.5)

7,69 (18.5)

Marital status

Not in union

3,844 (1.8)

1,57 (79.7)

40 (20.3)

Currently married

213,606 (98.2)

8,139 (82)

1,785 (18)

Religion

Hindu

159,668 (73.4)

6,311 (81.9)

1,391 (18.1)

Muslim

31,075 (14.3)

1,070 (80.9)

2,52 (19.1)

Others

26,707 (12.3)

9,15 (83.4)

1,82 (16.6)

Place of residence

Urban

47,828 (22)

2,250 (85.2)

3,91 (14.8)

Rural

169,622 (78)

6,046 (80.8)

1,434 (19.2)

Caste

Scheduled Castes (SCs)

42,981 (19.8)

1,709 (81.0)

4,00 (19.0)

Scheduled Tribes (STs)

43,354 (19.9)

1,261 (78.8)

3,39 (21.2)

Other Backward Class (OBC)

81,975 (37.7)

3,248 (82.8)

6,74 (17.2)

Others

49,140 (22.6)

2,078 (83.5)

4,12 (16.6)

Education in years

No education

43,560 (20.0)

1,444 (78.0)

4,07 (22.0)

≤10 years

110,235 (50.7)

4,272 (81.2)

9,92 (18.8)

>10 years

63,655 (29.3)

2,580 (85.8)

4,26 (14.2)

Wealth Index

Poorest

53,492 (24.6)

1,593 (77)

4,77 (23)

Poorer

49,367 (22.7)

1,793 (80.7)

4,29 (19.3)

Middle

42,949 (19.8)

1,753 (81.8)

3,89 (18.2)

Richer

38,808 (17.9)

1,618 (83.8)

3,13 (16.2)

Richest

32,834 (15.1)

1,539 (87.6)

2,17 (12.4)

Desire of children

Yes

83,742 (38.7)

4,691 (81)

1,103 (19)

Undecided or no more

94,152 (43.5)

2,744 (84.8)

4,92 (15.2)

Sterilised/Infecund

38,447 (17.8)

7,80 (78.6)

2,13 (21.5)

Mass media exposure

Low

145,044 (66.7)

5,228 (81.2)

1,212 (18.8)

Moderate

49,870 (22.9)

2,119 (82.9)

4,36 (17.1)

High

22,536 (10.4)

9,49 (84.3)

1,77 (15.7)

Age at marriage

<18 years

67,572 (31.5)

2,542 (80.0)

6,37 (20.0)

18–24 years

124,238 (57.9)

4638 (83.0)

9,52 (17.0)

≥25 years

22,785 (10.6)

1,014 (82.3)

2,18 (17.7)

Contraceptive demand

Unmet need

35,090 (16.2)

9,71 (84.4)

1,80 (15.6)

Met need

119,583 (55.1)

3,743 (83.3)

7,48 (16.7)

No demand

62,293 (28.7)

3,555 (79.9)

8,92 (20.1)

Number of living children

No children

17,108 (7.9)

2,486 (80.2)

6,13 (19.8)

1–3 children

175,936 (80.9)

5,180 (82.7)

1,082 (17.3)

4 and above children

24,406 (11.2)

6,30 (82.9)

1,30 (17.1)

Sex of the last child

Male

109,318 (54.1)

3,209 (83.2)

6,19 (16.2)

Female

92,719 (45.9)

2,687 (81.0)

6,29 (19.0)

Region

East

40,648 (18.7)

1,588 (81.1)

3,71 (18.9)

West

19,383 (8.9)

6,11 (80.8)

1,45 (19.2)

North

41,351 (19.0)

1,866 (84.4)

3,44 (15.6)

South

28,449 (13.1)

8,69 (79.6)

2,23 (20.4)

Central

53,001 (24.4)

2,226 (82.2)

4,82 (17.8)

Northeast

34,618 (15.9)

1,136 (81.4)

2,60 (18.6)

Total

217,450 (100)

8,296 (82)

1,825 (18)