Table 2 Prevalence of miscarriage in the first (≤12 weeks) and second & above (>12 weeks) trimesters among women of reproductive age for their last pregnancy in India, NFHS, 2019-21

Age group

<20 years

5.8 [5.0, 6.5]

26.3 [22.9, 29.7]

1.3 [1.0, 1.7]

20–29 years

4.3 [4.2, 4.5]

25.2 [24.3, 26.1]

0.9 [0.8, 0.9]

≥30 years

6.0 [5.7, 6.2]

20.3 [19.4, 21.2]

1.4 [1.3, 1.6]

Marital status

Not in union

6.0 [4.8, 7.2]

19.5 [15.6, 23.4]

1.7 [0.8, 2.7]

Currently married

4.9 [4.8, 5.0]

23.2 [22.6, 23.9]

1.0 [1.0, 1.1]

Religion

Hindu

5.0 [4.9, 5.2]

23.3 [22.6, 24]

1.1 [1.0, 1.2]

Muslim

4.4 [4.0, 4.7]

22.3 [20.6, 24.1]

1.0 [0.8, 1.1]

Others

4.8 [4.2, 5.4]

22.8 [19.9, 25.6]

1.0 [0.6, 1.3]

Place of residence

Urban

5.7 [5.3, 6.0]

25.3 [23.9, 26.6]

1.0 [0.9, 1.2]

Rural

4.6 [4.5, 4.7]

22.2 [21.5, 22.8]

1.1 [1.0, 1.1]

Caste

Scheduled Castes (SCs)

5.1 [4.8, 5.4]

23.3 [22.1, 24.6]

1.2 [1.0, 1.4]

Scheduled Tribes (STs)

4.2 [3.8, 4.6]

21.5 [19.5, 23.6]

1.0 [0.8, 1.2]

Other Backword Class (OBC)

4.8 [4.6, 5.0]

23.2 [22.3, 24.1]

1.0 [0.9, 1.1]

Others

5.2 [4.9, 5.5]

23.5 [22.2, 24.8]

1.0 [0.9, 1.1]

Education in years

No education

4.7 [4.4, 5.0]

20.5 [19.3, 21.8]

1.4 [1.2, 1.6]

≤10 years

5.1 [4.9, 5.2]

22.9 [22.1, 23.8]

1.1 [1.0, 1.2]

>10 years

4.8 [4.5, 5.0]

25.2 [24.0, 26.5]

0.7 [0.6, 0.9]

Wealth Index

Poorest

4.1 [3.9, 4.4]

20.1 [18.9, 21.3]

1.2 [1.0, 1.3]

Poorer

4.8 [4.5, 5.0]

23.0 [21.8, 24.3]

1.1 [0.9, 1.2]

Middle

5.3 [5.0, 5.6]

24.0 [22.7, 25.3]

1.2 [1.0, 1.4]

Richer

5.1 [4.8, 5.4]

23.7 [22.3, 25.1]

0.9 [0.8, 1.1]

Richest

5.4 [5.1, 5.8]

24.9 [23.3, 26.4]

0.8 [0.7, 1.0]

Desire of children

Yes

7.6 [7.3, 7.8]

36.9 [35.7, 38.2]

1.7 [1.6, 1.8]

Undecided or no more

3.6 [3.5, 3.8]

17.9 [17.0, 18.7]

0.7 [0.6, 0.7]

Sterilized/Infecund

2.4 [2.2, 2.6]

9.9 [9.0, 10.8]

0.7 [0.5, 0.8]

Mass media exposure

Low

4.8 [4.6, 4.9]

23 [22.3, 23.7]

1.1 [1.0, 1.1]

Moderate

5.1 [4.8, 5.4]

23.1 [21.8, 24.4]

1.0 [0.9, 1.2]

High

5.3 [4.9, 5.8]

24.0 [22, 26.1]

1.0 [0.8, 1.3]

Age at marriage

<18 years

5.0 [4.8, 5.3]

21.9 [20.9, 22.9]

1.2 [1.1, 1.4]

18–24 years

4.7 [4.5, 4.9]

23.5 [22.7, 24.3]

0.9 [0.9, 1.0]

≥25 years

5.7 [5.3, 6.2]

26.3 [24.1, 28.4]

1.1 [0.9, 1.3]

Contraceptive demand

Unmet need

3.3 [3.1, 3.6]

25.8 [23.9, 27.7]

0.6 [0.5, 0.7]

Met need

3.9 [3.7, 4.0]

20.0 [19.2, 20.8]

0.8 [0.7, 0.8]

No demand

7.9 [7.6, 8.2]

26.7 [25.6, 27.8]

2.0 [1.8, 2.2]

Number of living children

No children

19.2 [18.4, 20.1]

39.3 [37.6, 41.0]

6.3 [5.6, 7.0]

1–3 children

3.7 [3.6, 3.8]

20.1 [19.4, 20.8]

0.7 [0.7, 0.8]

4 and above children

3.5 [3.2, 3.9]

16.5 [15.0, 18.1]

0.8 [0.6, 1.0]

Sex of last child

Male

3.6 [3.4, 3.7]

18.5 [17.7, 19.3]

0.7 [0.6, 0.7]

Female

3.8 [3.7, 4.0]

21.3 [20.3, 22.4]

0.8 [0.7, 0.9]

Regions

East

4.9 [4.7, 5.2]

23.8 [22.4, 25.2]

1.2 [1.0, 1.3]

West

4.4 [3.9, 4.8]

21.3 [19.0, 23.6]

0.9 [0.7, 1.2]

North

5.6 [5.3, 5.9]

25.7 [24.4, 27.0]

1.0 [0.9, 1.1]

South

3.9 [3.6, 4.2]

18.9 [17.5, 20.4]

0.9 [0.7, 1.0]

Central

5.6 [5.3, 5.8]

25.5 [24.4, 26.6]

1.1 [1.0, 1.3]

North east

4.1 [3.8, 4.5]

17.7 [16.3, 19.1]

1.1 [0.9, 1.3]

Total

4.9 [4.8, 5.0]

23.1 [22.5, 23.8]

1.1 [1.0, 1.1]