Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of women (N = 11,872)

Anemia

 N (%)

43 (3.4)

1217 (96.6)

66 (16.8)

327 (83.2)

 Age (years)

58.7 (10.8)

50.8 (11.0)

< 0.001

67.5 (8.8)

62.3 (11.4)

< 0.001

 Body mass index (kg/m²)

26.0 (5.6)

22.8 (3.3)

0.001

26.3 (4.7)

23.8 (3.4)

< 0.001

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

11.0 (1.1)

10.8 (1.2)

0.192

11.2 (0.7)

11.1 (0.9)

0.565

 Anemia level, n (%)

0.383

0.764

  Mild

29 (67.4)

694 (57.0)

47 (71.2)

224 (68.5)

  Moderate

13 (30.2)

472 (38.8)

19 (28.8)

101 (30.9)

  Severe

1 (2.3)

51 (4.2)

0

2 (0.6)

 Hypertension, n (%)

19 (44.2)

101 (8.3)

< 0.001

46 (69.7)

104 (31.8)

< 0.001

 Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

8 (18.6)

30 (2.5)

< 0.001

24 (36.4)

22 (6.7)

< 0.001

 Chronic kidney disease, n (%)

0 (0.0)

5 (0.4)

> 0.999

9 (13.6)

25 (7.6)

0.114

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

131.2 (18.3)

119.5 (19.7)

< 0.001

135.4 (22.6)

126.3 (21.6)

0.002

 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL)

93.2 (25.2)

104.8 (27.1)

0.005

88.4 (26.5)

111.3 (29.2)

< 0.001

 Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)

148.4 (44.5)

96.7 (11.7)

< 0.001

139.8 (40.1)

99.0 (10.6)

< 0.001

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)

118.3 (26.5)

120.3 (22.0)

0.558

60.7 (20.4)

72.2 (18.4)

< 0.001

 Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L)

70.4 (19.5)

65.0 (28.4)

0.215

68.4 (21.2)

71.3 (24.4)

0.367

 Osteoporosis, n (%)

13 (30.2)

223 (18.3)

0.049

27 (40.9)

136 (41.6)

0.918

Non-anemia

 N (%)

522 (6.4)

7663 (93.6)

207 (10.2)

1827 (89.8)

 Age (years)

62.0 (8.2)

55.5 (10.5)

< 0.001

65.3 (7.9)

61.6 (9.6)

< 0.001

 Body mass index (kg/m²)

25.2 (4.0)

23.4 (3.4)

< 0.001

25.4 (3.4)

24.4 (3.6)

< 0.001

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

13.6 (0.9)

13.5 (0.8)

0.002

13.3 (0.9)

13.4 (0.9)

0.018

 Hypertension, n (%)

236 (45.2)

1110 (14.5)

< 0.001

114 (55.1)

532 (29.1)

< 0.001

 Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

144 (27.6)

392 (5.1)

< 0.001

78 (37.7)

148 (8.1)

< 0.001

 Chronic kidney disease, n (%)

4 (0.8)

39 (0.5)

0.351

7 (3.4)

29 (1.6)

0.086

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

131.3 (19.3)

124.1 (20.5)

< 0.001

131.2 (19.5)

129.9 (21.5)

0.371

 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL)

105.6 (30.7)

119.6 (30.9)

< 0.001

99.0 (30.3)

123.9 (31.7)

< 0.001

 Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)

150.0 (43.1)

100.7 (15.3)

< 0.001

149.8 (43.7)

102.3 (15.1)

< 0.001

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)

116.6 (20.8)

116.8 (19.4)

0.795

75.2 (11.9)

79.6 (9.0)

< 0.001

 Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L)

76.4 (22.8)

77.1 (42.3)

0.730

74.8 (22.5)

77.9 (23.1)

0.073

 Osteoporosis, n (%)

146 (28.0)

2097 (27.4)

0.765

58 (28.0)

612 (33.5)

0.112