Table 7 Comparisons of studies evaluating the association between predictor and outcome variable
Predictor | Outcome variable | Association | Study population | Definition of outcome variable | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetes | bone quality | − |  |  | [1] |
Diabetes | fracture | + | Â | Â | |
Diabetes | bone mineral density | + | review, 26 articles | comprehensive review of 47 studies | [20] |
Diabetes | bone mineral density | NS | review, 8 articles | Â | |
Diabetes | bone mineral density | − | review, 13 articles |  | |
Diabetes | body mass index | + | Â | Â | [21] |
Diabetes | osteoporosis | + | n = 3331, Taiwan retrospective cohort study, ≥ 40 years from the 2002 TwSHHH linked to the NHIRD, over a median follow-up duration of 13.6 years | incident osteoporosis based on ICD9-CM codes or the use of anti-osteoporotic agents | [10] |
Diabetes | osteoporosis | − | n = 96,626, Korean cohort study, over 55 years received health check-up in 2009 linked to NHIS, average follow-up period 4.14 person-years | incident osteoporosis basis of ICD-code with newly registered | [26] |
Diabetes | anemia | + | Â | Â | [12] |
Diabetes (older males) | osteoporosis | − | n = 553, Iran cross-sectional study, ≥ 60 years from Amirkola health and ageing project in 2011–2012 | osteoporosis based on T-score ≤ − 2.5 at either lumbar spine or femoral neck, bone mineral density by DXA | [68] |
anemia | − |  | |||
Iron deficiency anemia | osteoporosis | + | Iron deficiency anemia (n = 35,751) and no iron deficiency anemia (n = 178,755) sampled individuals from the 1998–2012 Taiwan NHIRD, cross-sectional study | osteoporosis based on ICD-9-CM code T score < 2.5 by DXA | [43] |
Hemoglobin | osteoporosis | − | n = 139,520, osteoporosis and control 1:1 matched, Korean cross-sectional study, ≥ 40 years from NHIS Health Screening Cohort data, 2002–2013 | osteoporosis based on ICD-10 codes | [14] |
Hemoglobin & diabetes | osteoporosis (older men) | − | n = 573, China cross-sectional study, ≥ 60 years from Xuanwu Hospital, 2016/07–2018/05 | osteoporosis based on T-score ≤ − 2.5 at any of lumbar spine, femoral neck and hip sites, bone mineral density by DXA | [72] |
Fasting blood glucose + non-diabetes (women) | bone mineral density | + | n = 2367, China cross-sectional study, > 65 years, three medical examination centers, 2019/01–2020/12, | osteoporosis based on T-score ≤ − 2.5 at any of lumbar spine, femoral neck and hip sites, bone mineral density by DXA | [78] |
osteoporosis | − |  | |||
Fasting blood glucose | osteoporosis | + | n = 101, Vietnam type-2 diabetic patients, cross-sectional study, ≥ 30 years, admitted to 175 Military Hospital for treatment, 2018/04–2019/03 | DXA | [24] |
Fasting blood glucose or diabetes | bone mineral density | + | T2DM n = 1719, non-diabetes n = 6401, Taiwan cross-sectional study, 50–90 years from Health Examination Database of a hospital, 2010/01–2015/12 | osteoporosis based on T-score ≤ − 2.5 at lumbar spine or femoral neck, bone mineral density by DXA | [21] |
osteoporosis | − |  | |||
Fasting blood glucose | osteoporosis, diabetes with high-increasing fasting blood glucose in men | + | n = 18,313, China, cohort study, physical examinations at a center during 2008–2018, more than 4-year follow-up period | incidence of osteoporosis based on T-score ≤ − 2.5 at lumbar spine, bone mineral density by DXA | [25] |
osteoporosis, non-diabetes with elevated-increasing fasting blood glucose in women | − |  | |||
Fasting blood glucose | vBMD | NS | n = 10,309, China health check-up cohort, 2018–2019 | vBMD, lumbar spine by QCT | [88] |
aBMD (men) | + | aBMD, lumbar spine, by DXA | Â | ||
Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) + diabetes | osteoporosis (women) | + | n = 234, China, cross-sectional study, department of Endocrinology and Metabolism at a hospital, 2016/02–2018/08 | osteoporosis based on T-score ≤ − 2.5 at lumbar spine, bone mineral density by DXA | [31] |
Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) + non-diabetes, postmenopausal women | aBMD | NS | n = 146, Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation, cross-sectional study | aBMD at lumbar spine and total hip by DXA | [89] |
vBMD and trabecular and cortical thickness | + | vBMD and bone microarchitecture by HR-pQCT, 2008/09–2011/04 |  |