Assessment of water, sanitation, and hygiene among women living in precarious households in a Turkish urban area

Şimşek, Sera; Öcek, Zeliha Aslı; Türk, Meral; Ünver, Ayşegül

doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02861-8

BMC Women's Health

Table 4 Score averages of the Scales of WASH according to the sociodemographic characteristics of the household

From: Assessment of water, sanitation, and hygiene among women living in precarious households in a Turkish urban area

Characteristics		WASH Behaviors		WASH Conditions
Characteristics		Mean + SD	p	Mean + SD	p
Age	< 30	43.70 ± 8.00	0.408^c	6.81 ± 4.17	< 0.001^d
	30–39	41.56 ± 7.76		7.23 ± 3.86
	≥ 40	41.63 ± 9.70		9.54 ± 4.02
Ethnic group	Turkish	43.89 ± 8.07	0.001^c	11.03 ± 3.57	< 0.001^d
	Kurdish	40.40 ± 9.81		8.40 ± 4.11
	Arabic	43.53 ± 7.73		5.92 ± 3.26
	Roma	35.18 ± 6.75		7.31 ± 3.94
Mother tongue	Turkish	41.91 ± 8.49	0.133^c	10.21 ± 3.98	< 0.001^d
	Kurdish	40.38 ± 9.84		8.46 ± 4.16
	Arabic	43.70 ± 7.68		5.95 ± 3.21
Country of birth	Turkey	42.25 ± 9.00	0.521^a	9.80 ± 3.97	< 0.001
Country of birth	Syria	41.77 ± 8.35	0.521^a	5.59 ± 3.03	< 0.001
Marital status	Married	41.74 ± 8.56	0.261^a	7.86 ± 0.31	0.031^a
Marital status	Single	43.21 ± 9.36	0.261^a	9.32 ± 0.60	0.031^a
Education level (school)	No	39.31 ± 9.64	< 0.001^b	7.75 ± 4.10	0.294^b
Education level (school)	Yes	43.60 ± 7.82	< 0.001^b	8.41 ± 4.13	0.294^b
Number of children	≤ 3	44.04 ± 7.65	< 0.001^a	8.74 ± 4.14	0.012^a
Number of children	> 3	38.72 ± 9.47	< 0.001^a	7.23 ± 4.07	0.012^a
Work status	Yes	44.88 ± 5.74	0.037^b	9.91 ± 4.44	0.007^b
Work status	No	41.51 ± 9.12	0.037^b	7.84 ± 4.04	0.007^b
Work history	Yes	43.98 ± 8.16	0.007^b	9.30 ± 4.40	< 0.001^b
Work history	No	40.59 ± 8.91	0.007^b	7.32 ± 3.79	< 0.001^b
Education level of the husband	< 8 years	39.62 ± 9.44	< 0.001^a	7.55 ± 4.13	0.469^a
Education level of the husband	≥ 8 years	45.38 ± 5.97	< 0.001^a	8.10 ± 3.77	0.469^a
Occupation of the husband	No	40.60 ± 8.68	0.044^a	6.72 ± 3.78	0.003^a
Occupation of the husband	Yes	43.36 ± 8.46	0.044^a	7.57 ± 3.78	0.003^a
Health insurance	Uninsured	43.74 ± 8.21	0.017^a	10.54 ± 3.52	< 0.001^b
Health insurance	Insured	40.85 ± 8.94	0.017^a	6.47 ± 3.73	< 0.001^b
Monthly income	≤ 1500 TL	40.90 ± 9.01	0.069^b	6.80 ± 3.85	< 0.001^b
Monthly income	> 1500 TL	43.23 ± 8.34	0.069^b	9.57 ± 4.03	< 0.001^b
Income perception	Poor	39.58 ± 9.48	0.002^c	6.71 ± 3.74	< 0.001^d
	Not good or poor	44.19 ± 7.35		8.56 ± 3.98
	Good	45.13 ± 5.50		10.27 ± 3.71
Number of households	≤ 4	43.48 ± 8.71	0.002^a	9.52 ± 3.98	< 0.001^a
Number of households	> 4	40.30 ± 8.50	0.002^a	6.51 ± 3.80	< 0.001^a
Parasitic infection	Yes	39.91 ± 9.99	0.354^b	6.43 ± 4.08	0.033^b
Parasitic infection	No	42.32 ± 8.57	0.354^b	8.39 ± 4.14	0.033^b
Diarrhea	Yes	39.61 ± 9.42	0.025^a	7.07 ± 3.66	0.019^b
Diarrhea	No	42.94 ± 8.34	0.025^a	8.58 ± 4.28	0.019^b

^a: Student t test
^b: Mann Whitney U test
^c: ANOVA test
^d: Kruskal Wallis test

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