Table 3 Dietary intakes of study population between consumption of red meat and processed meat in obese and overweight women (n = 231)

Energy intake (kcal/d)

2379.66 ± 754.65

2888.19 ± 783.82

< 0.001

–

2492.06 ± 726.12

2744.13 ± 698.88

0.008

–

Protein (g/d)

80.17 ± 27.97

102.50 ± 30.84

< 0.001

0.010

86.66 ± 28.47

91.63 ± 29.35

0.19

0.25

Carbohydrates (g/d)

337.76 ± 115.81

407.30 ± 123.65

< 0.001

0.33

355.18 ± 115.79

383.33 ± 113.11

0.063

0.21

Total fat (g/d)

86.58 ± 36.01

103.73 ± 32.17

< 0.001

0.06

88.84 ± 33.08

102.36 ± 32.48

0.002

0.16

CHOL(mg/dl)

224.21 ± 98.22

304.12 ± 113.19

< 0.001

< 0.001

246.28 ± 106.87

255.59 ± 109.30

0.51

0.36

SFA (g/d)

24.69 ± 9.83

32.13 ± 11.94

< 0.001

0.04

27.18 ± 11.93

29.23 ± 10.17

0.16

0.23

PUFA (g/d)

19.85 ± 11.27

20.31 ± 7.50

0.63

< 0.001

18.50 ± 8.07

22.60 ± 9.98

0.001

0.01

Linoleic (g/d)

17.49 ± 10.63

17.30 ± 6.99

0.84

< 0.001

15.74 ± 7.60

19.87 ± 9.54

< 0.001

0.008

Linolenic (g/d)

1.09 ± 0.71

1.33 ± 0.58

< 0.001

0.87

1.24 ± 0.69

1.25 ± 0.70

0.89

0.14

EPA (g/d)

0.02 ± 0.02

0.03 ± 0.04

< 0.001

0.01

0.03 ± 0.03

0.02 ± 0.03

0.11

0.05

DHA (g/d)

0.07 ± 0.81

0.12 ± 0.13

< 0.001

0.02

0.11 ± 0.12

0.09 ± 0.12

0.37

0.20

Trans fatty acid (g/d)

< 0.001 ± < 0.001

< 0.001 ± < 0.001

0.06

0.39

< 0.001 ± < 0.001

< 0.001 ± < 0.001

0.35

0.24

Vitamin A (IU/d)

647.97 ± 321.08

878.50 ± 447.86

< 0.001

0.001

795.13 ± 381.75

720.79 ± 393.77

0.14

0.001

Calcium (mg/d)

1143.56 ± 512.88

1394.31 ± 527.82

< 0.001

0.09

1148.88 ± 440.58

1182.78 ± 387.94

0.53

0.06

Iron (mg/d)

25.56 ± 23.52

27.30 ± 17.91

0.41

0.65

18.23 ± 5.88

19.12 ± 5.31

0.22

0.06

Vitamin B1 (mg/d)

1.99 ± 0.74

2.28 ± 0.69

< 0.001

0.11

2.01 ± 0.65

2.18 ± 0.58

0.03

0.89

Vitamin B6 (μg/d)

1.94 ± 0.69

2.45 ± 0.73

< 0.001

0.001

2.12 ± 0.68

2.16 ± 0.73

0.61

0.01

Vitamin B12 (μg/d)

3.24 ± 1.52

5.44 ± 2.75

< 0.001

< 0.001

4.03 ± 2.01

4.65 ± 2.56

0.04

0.50

Vitamin B5 (μg/d)

5.66 ± 1.84

7.24 ± 2.60

< 0.001

0.003

6.31 ± 2.09

6.53 ± 2.01

0.41

0.05

Magnesium (mg/d)

438.84 ± 171.14

512.69 ± 164.29

< 0.001

0.38

450.36 ± 146.87

458.15 ± 136.00

0.67

0.001

Zinc (g/d)

11.70 ± 4.26

15.12 ± 4.85

< 0.001

< 0.001

12.55 ± 4.21

13.16 ± 3.95

0.26

0.04

Selenium (μg/d)

119.54 ± 52.24

133.44 ± 45.91

0.005

0.04

113.58 ± 43.49

127.72 ± 35.59

0.007

0.23

Total fiber (g/d)

45.05 ± 22.53

49.64 ± 19.90

0.03

0.04

45.23 ± 17.88

44.79 ± 18.25

0.85

0.04

Caffeine (mg/d)

150.35 ± 170.25

156.03 ± 123.88

0.70

0.52

140.48 ± 104.88

138.60 ± 98.87

0.88

0.27

Whole grains (g/d)

7.08 ± 9.46

8.07 ± 11.26

0.41

0.86

7.96 ± 10.35

5.49 ± 7.92

0.04

0.01

Fruits (g/d)

428.37 ± 311.68

626.03 ± 335.30

< 0.001

0.05

498.55 ± 302.41

527.87 ± 351.81

0.49

0.44

Vegetables (g/d)

379.94 ± 237.16

485.40 ± 277.29

0.001

0.01

456.85 ± 262.14

380.21 ± 206.05

0.01

< 0.001

Nuts (g/d)

11.46 ± 15.61

17.17 ± 16.28

0.002

0.09

15.93 ± 17.35

11.80 ± 12.60

0.04

0.001

Legumes (g/d)

51.80 ± 39.07

53.55 ± 43.41

0.71

0.10

54.37 ± 44.49

52.78 ± 38.77

0.77

0.77

Tea and coffee (g/d)

728.86 ± 949.52

751.56 ± 512.78

0.79

0.96

686.70 ± 520.38

664.40 ± 483.82

0.73

0.20

Refined grains (g/d)

399.89 ± 216.99

463.71 ± 219.31

0.01

0.08

412.62 ± 222.25

454.99 ± 177.68

0.11

0.79

SSBs (g/d)

21.39 ± 65.31

28.57 ± 60.22

0.33

0.91

11.10 ± 20.29

34.49 ± 66.61

< 0.001

0.002

Dairy (g/d)

322.27 ± 193.67

450.85 ± 274.67

< 0.001

0.04

379.15 ± 255.51

396.77 ± 205.61

0.56

0.44

Eggs (g/d)

20.67 ± 14.01

22.66 ± 14.30

0.23

0.44

20.79 ± 12.00

21.19 ± 15.13

0.82

0.92

Fish and seafood (g/d)

8.96 ± 10.62

13.77 ± 13.08

0.001

0.12

10.15 ± 10.12

12.73 ± 14.72

0.12

0.25

Processed meat (g/d)

10.20 ± 13.64

11.46 ± 15.59

0.51

0.31

2.63 ± 2.04

18.95 ± 17.01

< 0.001

< 0.001

Red meat (g/d)

9.24 ± 4.29

36.34 ± 22.35

< 0.001

< 0.001

22.76 ± 19.34

22.20 ± 18.31

0.82

0.11