Table 6 Screening and reasons for non-uptake: using mhealth-SMS to increase cervical cancer screening, Ghana
| Â | Â | Post-Intervention Period (n, %) | Â | Â | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Intervention areas | Â | Control areas | Â | Â | ||||||||||||||
Characteristic | Community | Bank | Total | 95% C.I. | Community | Bank | Total | 95% C.I. | P-value | ||||||||||
Uptake of cervical cancer screening | |||||||||||||||||||
Necessary to go for a Pap smear/VIA test | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.730 | |||||||||||||
Yes | 19 | 22 | 41 (97.6) | 84.2–99.7 | 17 | 28 | 45 (97.8) | 85.5–99.7 |  | ||||||||||
No | 1 | 0 | 1 (2.4) | 0.3–15.9 | 0 | 1 | 1 (2.2) | 0.3–14.6 |  | ||||||||||
Do you know where to go for the Pap test/VIA test? | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.467 | ||||||||||||
Yes | 13 | 14 | 27 (64.3) | 48.4–77.5 | 13 | 18 | 31 (67.3) | 52.3–79.6 |  | ||||||||||
No | 7 | 8 | 15 (35.7) | 22.5–51.6 | 4 | 11 | 15 (32.6) | 20.4–47.7 |  | ||||||||||
Have you done a Pap test/VIA test? | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.523 | |||||||||||||
Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 (0) |  | 0 | 1 | 1 (2.2) | 0.3–14.6 |  | ||||||||||
No | 22 | 22 | 42 (100) |  | 17 | 28 | 45 (97.8) | 85.5–99.7 |  | ||||||||||
Reasons for non-uptake of cervical cancer screening | |||||||||||||||||||
Fear/anxiety of Pap test/VIA test | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.265 | ||||||||||||
Yes | 3 | 4 | 7 (16.7) | 8.0-31.6 | 6 | 5 | 11 (24.4) | 13.9–39.4 |  | ||||||||||
No | 17 | 18 | 35 (83.3) | 68.4–92.0 | 11 | 23 | 34 (75.6) | 60.6–86.2 |  | ||||||||||
Cost involved | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.02 | ||||||||||
Yes | 3 | 6 | 9 (21.4) | 11.3–36.8 | 2 | 18 | 20 (44.4) | 30.4–59.4 |  | ||||||||||
No | 17 | 16 | 33 (78.6) | 63.2–88.7 | 15 | 10 | 25 (55.6) | 40.6–69.6 |  | ||||||||||
Inadequate knowledge about the disease (symptoms & signs, causes, etc.) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.158 | |||||||||||||
Yes | 5 | 4 | 9 (21.4) | 11.3–36.8 | 3 | 12 | 15 (33.3) | 20.9–48.6 |  | ||||||||||
No | 15 | 18 | 33 (78.6) | 63.2–88.7 | 14 | 16 | 30 (66.7) | 51.4–79.1 |  | ||||||||||
Did distance prevent you from going for the Pap/VIA test? | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.643 | ||||||||||||
Yes | 3 | 8 | 11 (26.2) | 14.9–41.9 | 3 | 11 | 14 (31.1) | 19.1–46.4 |  | ||||||||||
No | 17 | 14 | 31 (73.8) | 58.1–85.1 | 14 | 17 | 31 (68.9) | 53.6–80.9 |  | ||||||||||
Time constraints | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.043 | ||||||||||
Yes | 13 | 12 | 25 (59.5) | 43.8–73.5 | 5 | 12 | 17 (37.8) | 24.6–53.0 |  | ||||||||||
No | 7 | 10 | 17 (40.5) | 26.5–56.2 | 12 | 16 | 28 (62.2) | 47.0-75.4 |  | ||||||||||
One major reason why you did not go for Pap/VIA test? | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.010 | ||||||||||||
Fear | 1 | 0 | 1 (2.4) | 0.3–15.9 | 2 | 3 | 5 (11.1) | 4.6–24.5 |  | ||||||||||
Cost not covered by NHIS | 2 | 3 | 5 (11.9) | 4.9–26.1 | 3 | 15 | 18 (40.0) | 26.5–55.2 |  | ||||||||||
Inadequate education about the disease | 2 | 1 | 3 (7.14) | 2.2–20.5 | 1 | 1 | 2 (4.4) | 1.1–16.7 |  | ||||||||||
Long distance to the screening site | 0 | 2 | 2 (4.7) | 1.1–17.8 | 0 | 1 | 1 (2.2) | 0.3–14.6 |  | ||||||||||
Too much time spent | 10 | 7 | 17 (40.5) | 26.5–56.2 | 6 | 3 | 9 (20.0) | 10.6–34.6 |  | ||||||||||
Other | 5 | 9 | 14 (33.3) | 20.5–49.2 | 5 | 5 | 10 (22.2) | 12.2–37.1 |  | ||||||||||