Table 4 Factors associated with pain intensity related to PD in the last 3 menstrual cycles
Variables | Participants’ answers | Absence or Mild PD n (%) | Moderate PD n (%) | Severe PD n (%) | Total | p-value # | OR (95%CI) Moderate PD | OR (95%CI) Severe PD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 18–23 years old | 1488 (15.2) | 2247 (22.9) | 1310 (13.3) | 5045 (51.4) | < 0.01 | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) |
24–39 years old | 1455 (14.8) | 1802 (18.4) | 1075 (10.9) | 4332 (44.1) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | ||
40–54 years old | 158 (1.6) | 167 (1.7) | 114 (1.2) | 439 (4.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Gestation | No | 2536 (25.8) | 3627 (37.0) | 2150 (21.9) | 8313 (84.7) | < 0.01 | 1.4 (1.2–1.5) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) |
Yes | 564 (5.7) | 591 (6.0) | 345 (3.5) | 1500 (15.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Dysmenorrhea since adolescence | No | 2114 (21.5) | 1400 (14.2) | 576 (5.9) | 4090 (41.6) | < 0.01 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 988 (10.0) | 2823 (28.7) | 1927 (19.6) | 5738 (58.4) | 4.3 (3.9–4.8) | 7.2 (6.3–8.1) | ||
Headache | Absent | 990 (10.5) | 908 (9.6) | 442 (4.7) | 2340 (24.7) | < 0.01 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Mild | 864 (9.1) | 1122 (11.9) | 600 (6.3) | 2586 (27.3) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) | ||
Moderate/severe | 1123 (11.9) | 2036 (21.5) | 1374 (14.5) | 4533 (47.9) | 2.0 (1.8–2.2) | 2.7 (2.4–3.1) | ||
Diarrhea | Absent | 1338 (14.5) | 1472 (15.9) | 756 (8.2) | 3566 (38.6) | < 0.01 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Mild | 936 (10.1) | 1311 (14.2) | 716 (7.8) | 2963 (32.1) | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | ||
Moderate/severe | 636 (6.9) | 1196 (13.0) | 867 (9.4) | 2699 (29.2) | 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | 2.4 (2.1–2.8) | ||
Nausea | Absent | 2030 (22.3) | 2122 (23.3) | 964 (10.6) | 5116 (56.1) | < 0.01 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Mild | 574 (6.3) | 1121 (12.3) | 647 (7.1) | 2342 (25.7) | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) | 2.4 (2.1–2.7) | ||
Moderate/severe | 251 (2.7) | 688 (7.5) | 715 (7.8) | 1654 (18.1) | 2.6 (2.2–3.1) | 6.0 (5.1–7.1) | ||
Sickness | Absent | 562 (6.0) | 382 (4.1) | 120 (1.3) | 1064 (11.3) | < 0.01 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Mild | 1092 (11.6) | 1208 (12.8) | 514 (5.5) | 2814 (29.9) | 1.6 (1.4–1.9) | 2.2 (1.8–2.8) | ||
Moderate/severe | 1276 (13.5) | 2480 (26.3) | 1781 (18.9) | 5537 (58.8) | 2.9 (2.5–3.3) | 6.5 (5.3–8.1) | ||
Irritability | Absent | 194 (2.0) | 123 (1.3) | 72 (0.7) | 389 (4.0) | < 0.01 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Mild | 649 (6.7) | 564 (5.8) | 272 (2.8) | 1485 (15.4) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | ||
Moderate/severe | 2184 (22.6) | 3475 (36.0) | 2117 (21.9) | 7776 (80.6) | 2.5 (2.0–3.2) | 2.6 (2.0–3.4) | ||
Appetite change | Absent | 967 (10.4) | 950 (10.2) | 423 (4.5) | 2340 (25.2) | < 0.01 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Mild | 690 (7.4) | 880 (9.5) | 461 (5.0) | 2031 (21.8) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | ||
Moderate/severe | 1258 (13.5) | 2181 (23.4) | 1490 (16.0) | 4929 (53.0) | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) | 2.7 (2.4–3.1) | ||
Sensation of abdominal bloating | Absent | 346 (3.6) | 308 (3.2) | 120 (1.3) | 774 (8.1) | < 0.01 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Mild | 891 (9.3) | 824 (8.6) | 416 (4.4) | 2131 (22.3) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 1.3 (1.1–1.7) | ||
Moderate/severe | 1752 (18.4) | 2992 (31.4) | 1892 (19.8) | 6636 (69.5) | 1.9 (1.6–2.3) | 3.1 (2.5–3.9) | ||
Breast pain | Absent | 594 (6.2) | 511 (5.3) | 226 (2.4) | 1331 (13.9) | < 0.01 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Mild | 972 (10.2) | 1062 (11.1) | 530 (5.5) | 2564 (26.8) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | ||
Moderate/severe | 1427 (14.9) | 2557 (26.7) | 1683 (17.6) | 5667 (59.3) | 2.1 (1.8–2.4) | 3.1 (2.6–3.7) | ||
Decrease in sleep quality | Absent | 1795 (19.5) | 1856 (20.2) | 803 (8.7) | 4454 (48.4) | < 0.01 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Mild | 615 (6.7) | 1022 (11.1) | 658 (7.1) | 2295 (24.9) | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) | 2.4 (2.1–2.7) | ||
Moderate/severe | 466 (5.1) | 1085 (11.8) | 897 (9.7) | 2448 (26.6) | 2.2 (2.0–2.5) | 4.3 (3.7–4.9) | ||
More emotional | Absent | 250 (2.6) | 154 (1.6) | 101 (1.0) | 505 (5.3) | < 0.01 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Mild | 677 (7.1) | 649 (6.8) | 311 (3.2) | 1637 (17.1) | 1.6 (1.2–1.9) | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | ||
Moderate/severe | 2092 (21.8) | 3327 (34.7) | 2029 (21.2) | 7448 (77.7) | 2.6 (2.1–3.2) | 2.4 (1.9–3.0) | ||
Difficulty to concentrating | Absent | 1268 (13.7) | 1150 (12.5) | 509 (5.5) | 2927 (31.7) | < 0.01 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Mild | 781 (8.5) | 1171 (12.7) | 581 (6.3) | 2533 (27.4) | 1.6 (1.5–1.9) | 1.8 (1.6–2.1) | ||
Moderate/severe | 835 (9.0) | 1666 (18.0) | 1268 (13.7) | 3769 (40.8) | 2.2 (2.0–2.5) | 3.8 (3.3–4.3) | ||
Increased anxiety | Absent | 747 (7.9) | 613 (6.5) | 271 (2.9) | 1631 (17.2) | < 0.01 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Mild | 753 (8.0) | 834 (8.8) | 403 (4.3) | 1990 (21.0) | 1.3 (1.2–1.6) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | ||
Moderate/severe | 1467 (15.5) | 2629 (27.8) | 1748 (18.5) | 5844 (61.7) | 2.2 (1.9–2.5) | 3.3 (2.8–3.8) | ||
Pain in lower limbs | Absent | 1702 (18.4) | 1786 (19.3) | 821 (8.9) | 4309 (46.5) | < 0.01 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Mild | 568 (6.1) | 802 (8.7) | 450 (4.9) | 1820 (19.6) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | 1.6 (1.4–1.9) | ||
Moderate/severe | 628 (6.8) | 1398 (15.1) | 1107 (11.9) | 3133 (33.8) | 2.1 (1.9–2.4) | 3.6 (3.2–4.2) | ||
Low back pain | Absent | 1137 (12.1) | 1009 (10.7) | 396 (4.2) | 2542 (27.1) | < 0.01 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Mild | 760 (8.1) | 858 (9.1) | 428 (4.6) | 2046 (21.8) | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | 1.6 (1.4–1.9) | ||
Moderate/severe | 1033 (11.0) | 2181 (23.2) | 1592 (16.9) | 4806 (51.2) | 2.4 (2.1–2.7) | 4.4 (3.8–5.1) | ||
Joint pain | Absent | 2058 (22.3) | 2217 (24.1) | 1005 (10.9) | 5280 (57.3) | < 0.01 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Mild | 460 (5.0) | 821 (8.9) | 498 (5.4) | 1779 (19.3) | 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | 2.2 (1.9–2.6) | ||
Moderate/severe | 358 (3.9) | 941 (10.2) | 848 (9.2) | 2147 (23.3) | 2.4 (2.1–2.8) | 4.8 (4.2–5.6) |