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Table 5 Effects of women socio-demographic characteristics on years of schooling and fertility outcomes upon fitting bivariate Poisson model to the MDHS data sets without outlier observations beyond cutoff \(\pm 2.58\) of deviance residual

From: A bivariate Poisson regression to analyse impact of outlier women on correlation between female schooling and fertility in Malawi

 

2004MDHS (\(\boldsymbol{n=11,642}\))

2010 MDHS (\(\boldsymbol{n=22,920}\))

2015-16 MDHS (\(\boldsymbol{n=24,484}\))

 

Schooling

Fertility

Schooling

Fertility

Schooling

Fertility

Variable

Log-Mean (pv)

Log-Mean (pv)

Log-Mean (pv)

Log-Mean (pv)

Log-Mean (pv)

Log-Mean (pv)

Intercept

1.45 (\(<0.0001\))

-2.83 (\(<0.0001\))

1.47 (\(<0.0001\))

-2.81 (\(<0.0001\))

1.41 (\(<0.0001\))

-2.19 (\(<0.0001\))

Ethnicity

      

   Tumbuka/Tonga/ot\(^\mathrm{a}\)  

      

   Lomwe/Yao/Sena

-0.131 (\(<0.0001\))

0.000 (0.997)

-0.095 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.003 (0.8059)

-0.058 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.009 (0.4713)

   Chewa/Nyanja

-0.098 (\(<0.0001\))

0.046 (0.004)

-0.106 (\(<0.0001\))

0.021 (0.0612)

-0.087 (\(<0.0001\))

0.019 (0.0946)

Religion

      

   None/Other\(^\mathrm{a}\)  

      

   Muslim

0.150 (0.0126)

0.045 (0.3395)

0.338 (\(<0.0001\))

0.040 (0.2867)

0.147 (0.0007)

0.110 (0.0162)

   Christian

0.452 (\(<0.0001\))

0.0089 (0.8439)

0.497 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.008 (0.8197)

0.342 (\(<0.0001\))

0.024 (0.5811)

Wealth

      

   Poor\(^\mathrm{a}\)  

      

   Middle

0.179 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.008 (0.575)

0.222 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.053 (\(<0.0001\))

0.182 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.039 (0.0002)

   Rich

0.570 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.075 (\(<0.0001\))

0.467 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.114 (\(<0.0001\))

0.418 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.110 (\(<0.0001\))

Marital status

      

   Unmarried\(^\mathrm{a}\)  

      

   Married/cohabited

-0.055 (\(<0.0001\))

2.53 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.040 (\(<0.0001\))

2.76 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.018 (0.0314)

1.98 (\(<0.0001\))

   Separated/other

0.070 (0.0002)

2.40 (\(<0.0001\))

0.060 (\(<0.0001\))

2.60 (\(<0.0001\))

0.007 (0.4921)

1.91 (\(<0.0001\))

Occupation

      

   Not working\(^\mathrm{a}\)  

      

   Domestic/informal

-0.031 (0.0023)

0.030 (0.0099)

-0.007 (0.2929)

0.032 (0.0007)

-0.0004 (0.9523)

0.038 (\(<0.0001\))

   Professional/formal

0.118 (\(<0.0001\))

0.009 (0.6331)

0.504 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.205 (\(<0.0001\))

0.333 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.084 (\(<0.0001\))

Contraceptive use

      

   Non-user/other\(^\mathrm{a}\)  

      

   User

0.139 (\(<0.0001\))

0.175 (\(<0.0001\))

0.074 (\(<0.0001\))

0.151 (\(<0.0001\))

0.039 (\(<0.0001\))

0.179 (\(<0.0001\))

Place of residence

      

   Urban\(^\mathrm{a}\)  

      

   Rural

-0.245 (\(<0.0001\))

0.128 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.185 (\(<0.0001\))

0.133 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.184 (\(<0.0001\))

0.146 (\(<0.0001\))

Region

      

   Northern\(^\mathrm{a}\)  

      

   Central

-0.167 (\(<0.0001\))

0.022 (0.2718)

-0.180 (\(<0.0001\))

0.020 (0.1345)

-0.088 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.024 (0.0678)

   Southern

-0.152 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.035 (0.079)

-0.182 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.009 (0.5097)

-0.104 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.016 (0.2263)

Current age

-0.027 (\(<0.0001\))

0.058 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.024 (\(<0.0001\))

0.056 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.020 (\(<0.0001\))

0.059 (\(<0.0001\))

Age at 1st sex

0.027 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.025 (\(<0.0001\))

0.028 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.033 (\(<0.0001\))

0.037 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.041 (\(<0.0001\))

Correlation (pval)

-0.623 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.676 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.617 (\(<0.0001\))

AIC

99,862.18

190,917.78

201,588.40

  1. \(^\mathrm{a}\) = reference category, pv = p-value