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Table 6 Effects of women socio-demographic characteristics on years of schooling and fertility outcomes upon fitting bivariate Poisson model to the MDHS data sets without outlier observations beyond cutoff \(\pm 1.96\) of deviance residual

From: A bivariate Poisson regression to analyse impact of outlier women on correlation between female schooling and fertility in Malawi

 

2004MDHS (\(\boldsymbol{n=11,369}\))

2010 MDHS (\(\boldsymbol{n=22,571}\))

2015-16 MDHS (\(\boldsymbol{n=24,072}\))

 

Schooling

Fertility

Schooling

Fertility

Schooling

Fertility

Variable

Log-Mean (pv)

Log-Mean (pv)

Log-Mean (pv)

Log-Mean (pv)

Log-Mean (pv)

Log-Mean (pv)

Intercept

1.41 (\(<0.0001\))

-2.92 (\(<0.0001\))

1.47 (\(<0.0001\))

-2.92 (\(<0.0001\))

1.40 (\(<0.0001\))

-2.27 (\(<0.0001\))

Ethnicity

      

   Tumbuka/Tonga/ot\(^\mathrm{a}\)  

      

   Lomwe/Yao/Sena

-0.135 (\(<0.0001\))

0.007 (0.6639)

-0.094 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.001 (0.9081)

-0.055 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.007 (0.6071)

   Chewa/Nyanja

-0.097 (\(<0.0001\))

0.041 (0.0108)

-0.106 (\(<0.0001\))

0.022 (0.0462)

-0.087 (\(<0.0001\))

0.019 (0.0903)

Religion

      

   None/Other\(^\mathrm{a}\)  

      

   Muslim

0.174 (0.005)

0.056 (0.2422)

0.335 (\(<0.0001\))

0.027 (0.4650)

0.143 (0.0012)

0.103 (0.0260)

   Christian

0.481 (\(<0.0001\))

0.021 (0.6490)

0.489 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.022 (0.5389)

0.338 (\(<0.0001\))

0.016 (0.7232)

Wealth

      

   Poor\(^\mathrm{a}\)  

      

   Middle

0.185 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.008 (0.5780)

0.225 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.049 (\(<0.0001\))

0.183 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.039 (0.0003)

   Rich

0.577 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.078 (\(<0.0001\))

0.467 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.110 (\(<0.0001\))

0.418 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.111 (\(<0.0001\))

Marital status

      

   Unmarried\(^\mathrm{a}\)  

      

   Married/cohabited

-0.039 (0.0026)

2.60 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.029 (0.0009)

2.86 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.014 (0.0735)

2.06 (\(<0.0001\))

   Separated/other

0.090 (\(<0.0001\))

2.47 (\(<0.0001\))

0.071 (\(<0.0001\))

2.71 (\(<0.0001\))

0.012 (0.2622)

1.98 (\(<0.0001\))

Occupation

      

   Not working\(^\mathrm{a}\)  

      

   Domestic/informal

-0.032 (0.0017)

0.030 (0.0106)

-0.008 (0.2256)

0.033 (0.0006)

0.001 (0.8047)

0.035 (0.0001)

   Professional/formal

0.116 (\(<0.0001\))

0.011 (0.5262)

0.500 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.209 (\(<0.0001\))

0.328 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.091 (\(<0.0001\))

Contraceptive use

      

   Non-user/other\(^\mathrm{a}\)  

      

   User

0.128 (\(<0.0001\))

0.157 (\(<0.0001\))

0.065 (\(<0.0001\))

0.135 (\(<0.0001\))

0.036 (\(<0.0001\))

0.171 (\(<0.0001\))

Place of residence

      

   Urban\(^\mathrm{a}\)  

      

   Rural

-0.244 (\(<0.0001\))

0.131 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.183 (\(<0.0001\))

0.140 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.180 (\(<0.0001\))

0.152 (\(<0.0001\))

Region

      

   Northern\(^\mathrm{a}\)  

      

   Central

-0.157 (\(<0.0001\))

0.038 (0.0661)

-0.173 (\(<0.0001\))

0.026 (0.0563)

-0.082 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.017 (0.1952)

   Southern

-0.138 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.025 (0.2159)

-0.174 (\(<0.0001\))

0.006 (0.6523)

-0.099 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.006 (0.6286)

Current age

-0.027 (\(<0.0001\))

0.059 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.024 (\(<0.0001\))

0.057 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.020 (\(<0.0001\))

0.060 (\(<0.0001\))

Age at 1st sex

0.027 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.025 (\(<0.0001\))

0.028 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.033 (\(<0.0001\))

0.037 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.042 (\(<0.0001\))

Correlation (pval)

-0.624 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.679 (\(<0.0001\))

-0.613 (\(<0.0001\))

AIC

96,167.60

185,901.16

195,464.44

  1. \(^\mathrm{a}\) = reference category, pv= p-value