Table 1 Mean (range) levator hiatal area, levator hiatal anteroposterior diameter and bladder neck (BN) craniocaudal distance from the symphysis in the supine position and standing
From: Pelvic floor status in opera singers. a pilot study using transperineal ultrasound
Supine | Standing | Change | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (range) | Rest | Contraction | Valsalva | Rest | Singing | Supine rest to contraction | Supine rest to standing rest | Supine rest to standing singing | Standing rest to singing |
Levator hiatal area cm2 | 18.2 12.3–23.5 | 12.0 8.6–19.3 | 23.5 12.0-45.3 | 17.4 8.5–27.3 | 17.1 9.6–27.0 | 6.3 p < 0.001 | 1.0 p = 0.42 | 1.3 p = 0.29 | 0.3 p = 0.45 |
Levator hiatal anteroposterior diameter, cm | 6.2 5.4–7.5 | 4.7 4.2–5.7 | 6.5 5.3-9.0 | 5.6 4.7–6.6 | 5.3 4.3–6.5 | 1.5 p < 0.001 | 0.6 p = 0.006 | 0.9 p < 0.001 | 0.3 p = 0.02 |
BN distance from symphysis, cm | 2.6 2.0-3.5 | 3.1 2.0-4.3 | 1.3 -1.2–2.8 | 1.9 -0.7–3.2 | 1.6 -1.7- 3.0 | -0.5 p = 0.002 | 0.7 p = 0.109 | 1.0 p = 0.07 | 0.3 p = 0.14 |