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Table 4 Association between depression and population characteristics

From: Prevalence of anxiety and depression among Lebanese women using oral contraceptives: a cross-sectional study

 

Depression

P-value

No Depression n (%)

Depression n (%)

Age

18–20

46 (12.9%)

38 (5.9%)

 < 0.001*

21–25

87 (24.4%)

144 (22.5%)

26–30

78 (21.9%)

103 (16.1%)

31–35

38 (10.7%)

166 (25.9%)

36–40

70 (19.7%)

125 (19.5%)

41–45

37 (10.4%)

65 (10.1%)

Place of residency

Beirut

179 (50.3%)

217 (33.9%)

 < 0.001*

Mount Lebanon

82 (23.0%)

183 (28.5%)

South

37 (10.4%)

52 (8.1%)

North

37 (10.4%)

84 (13.1%)

Beqaa

21 (5.9%)

105 (16.4%)

Marital Status

Single

187 (52.5%)

176 (27.5%)

 < 0.001*

Married

160 (44.9%)

449 (70.0%)

Divorced

9 (2.5%)

16 (2.5%)

Income per month

Low

26 (7.3%)

94 (14.7%)

 < 0.001*

Middle

324 (91.0%)

542 (84.6%)

High

6 (1.7%)

5 (0.8%)

Educational level

High school and below

78 (21.9%)

182 (28.4%)

0.025*

Above high school

278 (78.1%)

459 (71.6%)

Smoking

No

272 (76.4%)

397 (61.9%)

 < 0.001*

Yes

84 (23.6%)

244 (38.1%)

Alcohol Consumption

No

343 (96.3%)

618 (96.4%)

0.959

Yes

13 (3.7%)

23 (3.6%)

Number of children

None

7 (4.0%)

29 (6.2%)

0.567

1 child

29 (16.8%)

76 (16.3%)

2 or more children

137 (79.2%)

360 (77.4%)

Last Delivery

None

8 (4.8%)

29 (6.2%)

0.757

Less than 3 months

15 (8.9%)

44 (9.5%)

More than 3 months

145 (86.3%)

392 (84.3%)

Abortion

Never

105 (62.1%)

296 (63.7%)

0.922

Once

14 (8.3%)

35 (7.5%)

Twice or more

50 (29.6%)

134 (28.8%)

Reason for OCP intake

Contraception

102 (28.7%)

395 (61.6%)

 < 0.001*

Menstrual disorders

214 (60.1%)

201 (31.4%)

PCOS

40 (11.2%)

45 (7.0%)

Duration of OCP intake

Less than or equal to 6 months

220 (61.8%)

376 (58.7%)

0.333

More than 6 months

136 (38.2%)

265 (41.3%)

Type of oral Contraceptive

POP

109 (30.6%)

521 (81.3%)

 < 0.001*

COC

247 (69.4%)

120 (18.7%)

Anxiety

No

327 (91.9%)

272 (42.4%)

 < 0.001*

Yes

29 (8.1%)

369 (57.5%)

  1. n frequency, % percentage, OCP oral contraceptive pill, COC combined oral contraceptive, POP progesterone only pill, PCOS polycystic ovarian syndrome
  2. *Significant at p-value < 0.05, p-values obtained using Pearson’s chi-square test