Table 2 Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), child abuse perpetration, and current spousal violence victimization among the sampled mothers
Characteristic (N = 350) | Level | n (%) |
|---|---|---|
Number of ACEs | No ACE | 118(33.7) |
One ACE | 105 (30.0) | |
Two ACEs | 62 (17.7) | |
Three ACEs or more | 65 (18.6) | |
Types of ACEs experienced by the mothers in their childhood | Emotional abuse | 160 (45.7) |
Witnessing domestic violence | 61 (17.4) | |
Physical abuse | 46 (13.1) | |
Sexual abuse by an older person | 42 (12) | |
Household substance abuse | 41 (11.7) | |
Family member with chronic disease | 32 (9.1) | |
Gender discrimination | 30 (8.6) | |
Divorced parents | 30 (8.6) | |
Dead parent | 24 (6.9) | |
Family member with mental health problem | 19 (5.4) | |
Family member attempt suicide | 11 (3.1) | |
Family member imprisoned | 9 (2.6) | |
Types of child abuse perpetrated by the mothers | Psychological aggression | 334 (95.4) |
Minor physical assault | 276 (79.0) | |
Neglect | 182 (52.0) | |
Severe physical assault | 110 (32.0) | |
Very severe physical assault | 76 (21.4) | |
Current exposure to spousal violence based on the Hurt, Insult, Threaten, and Scream (HITS) score | Negative (≤ 10) | 248 (70.9) |
Positive (> 10) | 102 (29.1) |