Table 4 Predictors of different forms of child abuse perpetrated by mothers towards their children (multivariate analysis results):

Psychological aggression

ACE of physical abuse

1.8

0.5–7.2

0.413

ACE of emotional abuse

5.8

1.4–24.6

0.018*

ACE of witnessing domestic violence

0.6

0.2–2.6

0.537

ACE of household substance abuse

1.6

0.2–13.4

0.687

Current exposure to spousal violence

2.1

0.6–8.3

0.276

Older age of the mother

1.1

1.0-1.3

0.026*

Low socioeconomic status

0.6

0.4–7.8

0.682

Very low socioeconomic status

0.3

0.1-2.0

0.229

High socioeconomic status

1.1

0.1–2.8

0.423

Neglect

ACE of witnessing domestic violence

1.1

0.7–1.7

0.846

ACE of family member with mental problem

3.4

1.1–10.7

0.041*

ACE of gender discrimination

1.1

0.7-2.0

0.645

Current exposure to spousal violence

2.5

1.5–4.3

0.001*

Older age of the mother

1.1

1.0-1.1

0.016*

Low socioeconomic status

0.7

0.3–1.9

0.486

Very low socioeconomic status

0.4

0.2–0.8

0.007*

High socioeconomic status

0.8

0.4–1.5

0.500

Minor physical assault

ACE of physical abuse

1.5

0.7–3.1

0.292

ACE of emotional abuse

2.2

0.8–6.3

0.132

ACE of witnessing domestic violence

1.5

0.7-3.0

0.301

ACE of sexual abuse by an older person

1.0

0.3-3.0

0.990

ACE of gender discrimination

3.1

1.1–8.7

0.030*

ACE of divorced parents

1.2

0.3–4.2

0.773

ACE of household substance abuse

0.7

0.2-2.0

0.504

Current exposure to spousal violence

4.4

1.8–10.7

0.001*

Older age of the mother

1.2

1.1–1.2

0.001*

Low socioeconomic status

4.0

0.8–20.3

0.101

Very low socioeconomic status

1.4

0.6–3.3

0.431

High socioeconomic status

1.3

0.6–2.7

0.456

Severe physical assault

ACE of physical abuse

1.5

0.8–2.8

0.191

ACE of emotional abuse

1.8

0.5–6.6

0.400

ACE of witnessing domestic violence

2.0

1.1–3.6

0.031*

ACE of gender discrimination

1.0

0.6–1.9

0.940

ACE of divorced parents

1.7

0.7–3.8

0.241

ACE of household substance abuse

1.8

0.8–3.7

0.137

Current exposure to spousal violence

2.6

1.5–4.6

0.001*

Older age of the mother

1.1

1.0-1.1

0.001*

Low socioeconomic status

1.4

0.5-4.0

0.574

Very low socioeconomic status

0.8

0.4–1.8

0.647

High socioeconomic status

0.8

0.4–1.6

0.476

Very severe physical assault

ACE of physical abuse

1.8

0.9–3.6

0.114

ACE of emotional abuse

1.5

0.3–7.5

0.613

ACE of witnessing domestic violence

2.0

1.0-4.1

0.069

ACE of sexual abuse by an older person

1.4

0.6–3.1

0.460

ACE of gender discrimination

1.8

0.9–3.4

0.082

ACE of family member with chronic disease

1.7

0.6–4.6

0.296

Current exposure to spousal violence

2.6

1.4–4.8

0.002*

Older age of the mother

1.1

1.0-1.1

0.004*

Low socioeconomic status

9.5

2.4–36.2

0.001*

Very low socioeconomic status

3.3

1.1–10.0

0.031*

High socioeconomic status

2.6

0.9–7.5

0.078