Table 2 Shows the common initial codes, Higher level codes axial themes and the essential themes
Primary codes (tally) | Secondary codes | Axial codes/Sub themes | Themes |
|---|---|---|---|
How you got the problem /Causes: | |||
Difficult delivery (I) Prolonged labour (III) Removed dead baby (I) | Obstructed labour Stillbirth | Poor/no health facilities | Poor or no maternal health care services |
After the operation (II) Instrument delivery (I) | Instrumental | ||
Cancer (I) | No screening services | ||
No transport (II) Far Health centre (II) No roads (Fear to travel to Hospital (II) | No or poor roads Far or no Hospitals, no staff to attend to them | Poor infrastructure | |
Rape (III) Pierce private part using instruments (II) | Forced sex Vaginal piercing | Rape | Sexual abuse |
Onset | |||
Seeing blood passing through my anus and vagina (I) Seeing stool pass through my vagina (I) | Unusual experience | New experience | New experience |
Sudden unexpected onset of blood (I) Sudden onset of urine (II) | Unexpected | ||
I cannot even tell what caused this problem I was later old | Unknown problem | ||
Effect | |||
Living with family members and community | |||
Husband abandoned me: (I) Took my children away (I) Hide/Isolate self from others (III) No longer considered a family member (I) | Family neglect Divorced | Neglected/Loss company Divorced | Social discrimination |
People abandoned me: (IIII) Calling me bad names: (I) People avoid me due to smell: (III) Avoid people: (II) People complain of bad smell: (I | Neglected | ||
Waste of family money: (I) Arrested because of mistaken identity: (I) | Increased expenses | ||
No value in me: (I) Problems double: (I) Life becomes useless, not worth living (II) Hell on earth: (I) Physical shock: (I) Mental shock: (I) Shame: (I) Sadness and guilt: (I) | Loss of self-worth Hiding suffering Felt labelled Labelled criminal Guilt Depression | Suicide Depressed Shame, | Emotional disturbances |
Interference with sex: (III) Mess in bed and clothing’s: (Terrible smell: (III) Bad smell: (IIII) The woman who defecate on herself: (I) | Feeling Dirty Dirty | Deserted, Shunned, stigma | |
Experience during movement: Difficult movement: (III) Chest away by people because of bad smell: (III) Abuse of being smelly: (II) Perceiver: (I) | Abandoned Insult | Neglected and Depression | |
Coping with economic and spiritual life | |||
Difficult to do business: (Difficulty in working or maintaining: (III) Fear of crowd: (I) Stopped all social life: (I) Collapsing business: (I) Customers chest away by smell: (I) Difficulty in getting a job: (I) | Difficulties in selling Difficulties in getting and maintaining a job | Un-employment | Poverty and Dealing with difficulties for surviving |
Change in eating habit: (I) Increased demand for water and soap: (II) Increase economic burden: (I) | Increased expenditure | Increased expenses | |
Life as a refugee: | |||
Food ration not adequate: (I) Miss hot meals served at the reception centre: (III) Difficult to attain a ration card long bureaucracy: (IIII) Difficult to stand online: (III) Miss monthly food ration: (II) | Lengthy ration collection waiting time, Long refugee registration process, Long food distribution duration Inadequate food ration | Long Bureaucracy | |
Expected life Donation of pads: (III) Help to get ration card: (I) Help to get ration food: (II) | Hygiene need Support | Survival | |
Coping | |||
Privacy to clean-up myself: (II) Not minding the smell: (III) Drinking less water: (II) | Hiding Adopting to smell | Coping | Pity Coping |
Going back to parents: (II) Sympathy from other (IV) Pity from people: (III) Sympathy: (I) Fear of praying with people: (I) | Sympathy from the community | Pity | |
Putting all my trust in God: (II) Crying telling God: (I) Increase church-going: (I) | Sympathy and trust Religious | Empathy from Community Feeling more religious | |