Table 1 Effect of prenatal OUD diagnosis on postpartum suicide attempts: bivariate probit estimates

Stage 1-Auxiliary Equation (Outcome: Postpartum OUD diagnosis)

Prenatal OUD diagnosis

2.098^***

(0.060)

34.28^***

(2.15)

2.098^***

(0.060)

34.23^***

(2.15)

Prenatal SUD diagnosis

0.779^***

(0.450)

4.16^***

(0.44)

0.779^***

(0.450)

4.17^***

(0.44)

Prenatal MDD diagnosis

0.231^*

(0.106)

0.77

(0.42)

0.231^*

(0.106)

0.78

(0.42)

Stage 2-Main Equation (Outcome: Postpartum suicide attempts)

Postpartum OUD diagnosis

–0.179

(0.215)

–0.027

(0.059)

0.546^**

(0.191)

0.091^*

(0.042)

Validity of the instruments

Joint F statistic

\({\chi }^{2}\)=417, p < 0.001

\({\chi }^{2}\)=417, p < 0.001

Exclusion restriction: LM statistic

NR² = 2.428, p = 0.297

NR² = 3.659, p = 0.161