Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of women with diabetes mellitus who underwent cervical screening via hr-HPV DNA testing and VIA (n = 198)

Age, years; mean (SD)

60.2 (12.1)

Parity, median (IQR)

1 (0–2)

Religion, n (%)

Christian

176 (88.9)

Muslim

22 (11.1)

Marital status, n (%)

Divorced

25 (12.6)

Married/cohabitating

113 (57.1)

Single

13 (6.6)

Has a steady partner

4 (2.0)

Widowed

43 (21.7)

Education level, n (%)

No formal education

21 (10.6)

Elementary education

36 (18.2)

Junior secondary education

54 (27.3)

Senior secondary education

33 (16.7)

Tertiary education

30 (15.2)

Vocational/commercial/other

24 (12.1)

Earns an income, n (%)

147 (74.2)

Monthly income^ψ, GH¢; n (%)

<100

19 (12.9)

100–250

30 (20.4)

250–500

11 (7.5)

>500

54 (36.7)

Unable to say

33 (22.4)

Source of funds for medical bill payment^¥

Self, n (%)

73 (36.9)

Relatives, n (%)

86 (43.4)

NHIS, n (%)

141 (71.2)

Current/former employer or other, n (%)

4 (2.0)

Past contraceptive use^¥, n (%)

66 (33.3)

Condoms, n (%)

5 (2.5)

Combined pill, n (%)

22 (11.1)

Progesterone only pill, n (%)

6 (3.0)

Depot provera, n (%)

13 (6.6)

Implant, n (%)

15 (7.6)

Withdrawal/rhythm method/IUCD/other, n (%)

14 (0.5)

Current contraceptive use, n (%)

19 (9.6)

Clinical characteristics

Body mass index, kg/m²; median (IQR)

32.0 (26.1–37.0)

Type of diabetes, n (%)

Type 1 DM

16 (8.1)

Type 2 DM

162 (81.8)

Other/unspecified

20 (10.1)

Duration of diabetes diagnosis, years; median (IQR)

12 (6–20)

Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L; median (IQR)

7.3 (5.7–9.6)

HbA1c, %; mean (SD)

8.0 (2.1)

Urine glucose positive, n (%)

33 (16.7)

Missing, n = 42

Comorbid conditions^¥

Hypertension, n (%)

133 (67.2)

Asthma, n (%)

6 (3.0)

Prior gynecological surgery, n (%)

59 (29.8)

Type of prior gynecological surgery^Δ, n (%)

Cesarean section

41 (69.5)

Myomectomy

11 (18.6)

Subtotal abdominal hysterectomy

3 (5.1)

Previous cervical screening, n (%)

17 (8.6)