Table 3 Exploratory logistic regression analysis of sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with hr-HPV positivity among women with diabetes mellitus who underwent cervical screening via hr-HPV DNA testing and visual inspection (n = 198)

Age, years (continuous)

0.99 (0.97–1.02)

0.272

-

-

Age group, years

<60 (Ref.)

1.00

-

-

-

≥60

1.20 (0.60–2.38)

0.612

-

-

Parity (continuous)

0.96 (0.76–1.21)

0.706

-

-

Religion

Christian

1.28 (0.41–4.01)

0.670

-

-

Muslim (Ref.)

1.00

-

-

-

Marital status

Divorced/single/has a steady partner

4.22 (1.37–13.02)

0.012*

-

-

Married/cohabiting

1.94 (0.69–5.49)

0.210

-

-

Widowed

1.00

-

-

-

Education level

No formal education

0.16 (0.02–1.45)

0.104

-

-

Elementary education

1.45 (0.48–4.36)

0.513

-

-

Junior secondary education

0.75 (0.25–2.22)

0.599

-

-

Senior secondary education

0.73 (0.21–2.48)

0.615

-

-

Tertiary education (Ref.)

1.00

-

-

-

Vocational/commercial/other

1.64 (0.50–5.45)

0.417

-

-

Earns an income (yes/no)

1.40 (0.62–3.17)

0.415

-

-

Source of funds for medical bill payment

Self/employer/other

1.96 (0.99–3.88)

0.054

-

-

Relatives

0.49 (0.24–1.00)

0.051

0.43 (0.18–1.01)

0.054

NHIS

1.23 (0.57–2.64)

0.600

-

Past contraceptive use

2.33 (1.17–4.66)

0.016*

3.32 (1.46–7.57)

0.004*

-

Condom

2.47 (0.40–15.29)

0.330

-

Combined (estrogen-containing) pill

1.81 (0.69–4.78)

0.228

2.98 (1.03 − 8.64)

0.045*

Other (non-estrogen-containing)

1.88 (0.88–4.05)

0.105

2.18 (0.87 − 5.48)

0.097

Current contraceptive use

0.65 (0.18–2.35)

0.513

-

-

Body mass index, kg/m² (continuous)

0.97 (0.91–1.05)

0.463

-

-

Type of diabetes

Type 1 DM

2.44 (0.82–7.20)

0.107

-

-

Type 2 DM (Ref.)

1.00

-

-

-

Other/unspecified

1.35 (0.46–4.00)

0.583

-

-

Duration of diabetes diagnosis (continuous)

1.02 (0.98–1.06)

0.401

-

-

Metformin use

0.65 (0.31–1.38)

0.260

-

-

Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L (continuous)

1.10 (1.01–1.21)

0.037*

1.12 (1.00 − 1.25)

0.042*

1.15 (1.02 − 1.30)

0.021*

HbA1c, % (continuous)

0.96 (0.80–1.16)

0.664

-

0.91 (0.73 − 1.13)

0.383

Urine glucose level

Positive

2.30 (0.97–5.41)

0.058

-

-

Negative/trace (Ref.)

1.00

-

-

-

Comorbid hypertension

0.69 (0.34–1.38)

0.291

-

0.47 (0.21 − 1.06)

0.069

Prior gynecological surgery

0.65 (0.30–1.42)

0.281

-

-

Prior cervical screening

0.21 (0.03–1.61)

0.132

-

-

Model Akaike information criterion

155.92

95.22

Model Bayesian information criterion

168.30

109.26