Factors influencing breast cancer screening practices among women worldwide: a systematic review of observational and qualitative studies

Tavakoli, Banafsheh; Feizi, Awat; Zamani-Alavijeh, Fereshteh; Shahnazi, Hossein

doi:10.1186/s12905-024-03096-x

Table 4 Identified factors associated with breast self-examination behaviors among women around the world in the 34 reviewed articles

From: Factors influencing breast cancer screening practices among women worldwide: a systematic review of observational and qualitative studies

Category	Factor	Breast self-examination behaviors
Category	Factor	Studies displaying a positive association	Studies displaying a negative association	Studies displaying no association	Qualitative studies
Socio-demographic Factors	Age	[20, 25, 32, 33, 45]		[24]
	Education	[12, 13, 24,25,26, 32, 33, 45]	[37]		[34]
	Employment status	[13, 20, 26, 45]		[25]
	Income	[13, 25, 45]
	Marital status			[33]
	Number of Children	[45]
	Ethnicity	None
	Region of Residence	[45]
	Race	None
	Spouse Demographic Characteristics	[13, 32]
Health History	Hormone Therapy and History of Infertility	None
	Family History of Breast Cancer	[13, 22, 26, 33]
	Personal History of Cancer or Past Breast Disorders	[22, 26]
Knowledge	Knowledge About Breast Cancer Screening	[12, 22, 24, 32, 37, 41]			[23, 29, 34, 46]
Knowledge	Knowledge About Breast Cancer	[13, 22, 26]			[23, 46]
Perceptions	Perceived Health Status	[20]
	Attitude Towards Breast Cancer Screening	[24, 37]
	Perceived Barriers	[25, 26, 30, 33,34,35, 45, 47]		[36]	[23, 34]
	Perceived Benefits	[26, 28, 30, 31, 33, 36]
	Self-efficacy	[10, 25, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 36]			[29]
	Perceived Severity	[26, 41]		[28, 32, 33, 35, 36]	[46]
	Perceived Susceptibility	[25, 32]		[28, 33, 36]
Cultural Factors	Fatalistic /Religious Beliefs		[32]		[46]
	Cultural Differences) Longer Migration Time- speaking English Well- Cultural Support)				[29]
	Gender of the Doctor Performing the Clinical Checkup/Examinations				[34]
	Traditional/Alternative Care				[46]
	Social Stigma				[34]
Cues to Action	Breast Cancer Screening by Family Members and Friends	None
	Hearing About BC and BCS from Health Team or in the Media	[22, 26]	[33]
	Similarly, Reminder Letters, Phone Calls, or Text Messages	None
Motivation	High Level of Hope and Health Motivation for the Future	[26, 30, 31, 36]			[29]
Self-Care	Having Regular Checkups	[45]
	Smoking	[26]
	Alcohol Abstinence	None
	Physical Activity	None
	Following Healthy Diet	None
	Body Mass Index			[20]
Social Support	Health Insurance Coverage	[25, 45]		[22]
	Health Workers and Family Members Support			[22]	[29, 34, 46]
	Access to Screening Centers			[22]	[46]

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ISSN: 1472-6874

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