Table 3 Bivariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with premalignant cervical lesions among women attending the cervical cancer screening clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, March–May 2022

Age (Years)

 < 30

9

(13)

38

(11)

Ref.

Ref.

 30–45

21

(29)

124

(36)

0.72 (0.3–1.69)

0.445

0.72 (0.27–1.95)

0.518

 > 45

42

(58)

179

(53)

0.99 (0.45–2.21)

0.982

0.83 (0.3–2.32)

0.723

Marital status

 Not married

29

(40)

107

(31)

Ref.

 Married

43

(60)

234

(69)

0.68 (0.4–1.15)

0.146

Religion

 Christian

65

(90)

323

(95)

Ref.

 Moslem

7

(10)

18

(5)

1.93 (0.76–4.81)

0.157

Employment status

 Professional

4

(6)

22

(7)

Ref.

 House wife

4

(5)

29

(8)

0.76 (0.17–3.38)

0.717

 Farmer

39

(54)

184

(54)

1.17 (0.38–3.57)

0.788

 Business

 others

18

7

(25)

(10)

83

23

(24)

(7)

1.19 (0.37–3.89)

1.67 (0.43–6.53)

0.770

0.458

Level of education

 No formal education

11

(15)

56

(16)

Ref.

 Primary

34

(47)

148

(44)

1.17 (0.56–2.47)

0.681

 Secondary

20

(28)

99

(29)

1.03 (0.46–2.3)

0.946

 Tertiary

7

(10)

38

(11)

0.94 (0.33–2.64)

0.903

Residence

 Urban

30

(42)

146

(43)

Ref.

 Rural

42

(58)

195

(57)

1.05 (0.63–1.76)

0.858

Ever Smoked

 No

66

(92)

324

(95)

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

6

(8)

17

(5)

1.73 (0.66–4.56)

0.266

1.62 (0.53–4.92)

0.394

HIV status

 Negative

25

(35)

185

(54)

Ref.

Ref

 Positive

47

(65)

156

(46)

2.23 (1.31–3.79)

0.003*

2.37 (1.27–4.42)

0.007

Body mass index (BMI)

 Normal (18.5–24.9)

39

(55)

161

(47)

Ref.

Ref.

 Underweight (< 18.5)

7

(10)

15

(5)

1.93 (0.74–5.05)

0.182

2.3 (0.81–6.51)

0.117

 Overweight/Obesity (≥ 25)

25

(35)

165

(48)

0.63 (0.36–1.08)

0.093

0.61 (0.34–1.1)

0.098

History of any other STIs

 No

42

(58)

170

(50)

Ref.

 Yes

30

(42)

171

(50)

0.71 (0.43–1.19)

0.192

Parity

 0

4

(6)

9

(3)

Ref.

Ref.

 1–4

31

(43)

195

(57)

0.36 (0.1–1.23)

0.103

0.33 (0.08–1.37)

0.128

 ≥ 5

37

(51)

137

(40)

0.61 (0.18–2.08)

0.428

0.72 (0.17–3.15)

0.667

Abortion history

 No

46

(64)

211

(62)

Ref.

 Yes

26

(36)

130

(38)

0.92 (0.54–1.56)

0.749

Age at first sexual intercourse

 ≥ 18

34

(47)

205

(60)

Ref.

Ref.

 < 18

38

(53)

136

(40)

1.69 (1.01–2.81)

0.045

1.34 (0.75–2.4)

0.327

No. of sexual partners

 One

19

(26)

113

(33)

Ref.

Ref.

 ≥two

53

(74)

228

(67)

1.38 (0.78–2.45)

0.266

1.08 (0.56–2.08)

0.822

Oral contraceptive use

 No

30

(42)

152

(45)

Ref.

 Yes

42

(58)

189

(55)

1.13 (0.67–1.89)

0.652